从世界与中国油气供需形势看中国油气安全

石油与天然气资源是不可再生的战略性资源,与国家的经济发展、国防安全等领域息息相关。从全球范围来看,中东、非洲和中南美洲是石油和天然气资源储量丰富的地区,也是未来石油天然气的主要出口地区;亚太、北美和欧洲是石油天然气资源的主要消费区。这种供需结构给中国的石油天然气安全造成很大的隐患。本文主要从全球及中国的石油天然气探明可采量、供需状况这一角度来探讨中国的油气安全问题。     

石油天然气管道卫星通信系统的设计研究

油气能源对经济建设起着积极作用,为工业发展做出了巨大贡献。随着经济发展,社会对油气能源需求量越来越大。管道系统在石油天然气资源开发与利用方面发挥了重要作用,而卫星通信系统在管道系统中的应用,则大大提高了石油天然气资源开发效率,保障了生产安全。通过卫星定位、信息传输功能,能够实现对石油天然气管道的全方位管理。卫星通信系统具有管道数据生产、生产数据记录、工作状态检测上报功能,且在复杂地理环境下仍可提供可靠资料。本文将针对石油天然气管道卫星通信系统设计展开研究和分析。     

中国油气资源安全从本地保障到全局保障

首先综述了中国能源消耗现状和发展趋势,由于中国目前的化石能源供给有限,无法满足中国现在和未来的需求缺口,天然气、石油供给在很大程度上将依赖进口,最后总结亟需解决中国在一定时期内石油、天然气对外依存度较低的问题。进一步提高中国油气的对外依存度,既具有内部的可容性条件,也具有外部的可容性条件。世界上许多国家都有很高的对外依存度,特别是在当前的条件下,油气对外依存度并不构成国家能源安全的一个重要条件。中国应该转换思路,从局部的油气资源安全保障,转换到区域,乃至全球的油气资源安全保障上来。通过"一带一路"、互联互通,把眼光从局部,转移到区域和全球,以区域和全球的油气资源安全保障来解决局部油气安全保障的问题。     

中国与中亚国家油气资源合作风险比较分析

随着"一带一路"倡议的实施,中国与地处丝绸之路经济带的中亚国家在石油、天然气等能源领域的合作迎来了历史性新机遇。中国油气企业与中亚国家合作的过程中,需要了解与中亚国家开展油气资源合作的风险,以便采取有效的应对措施。根据专家意见,把中国与中亚国家的油气资源合作风险具体划分为政治风险、经济风险、社会安全风险、资源及技术风险。采用模糊层次分析方法,分别计算出4个一级指标和14个二级指标的权重,构建模糊综合评价模型,对中亚国家分别进行评价。结果表明:中亚五国由于地理、历史、民族、文化、经济等原因,中国与其在油气资源合作过程中均存在不同程度的风险,其中塔吉克斯坦为最高,哈萨克斯坦为最低。     

鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探开发的 实践与可持续发展

鄂尔多斯盆地是我国近10年来石油天然气产量增长最快的盆地,目前已经成为我国第二大油气生产盆地和第一大天然气产区。概述了鄂尔多斯盆地油气勘探开发的历史,总结了盆地发展形成的重要认识、主要技术、开发管理模式、油气产量和取得的经济社会效益,从发展规划、油气资源、非常规油气资源和其他资源方面探讨了盆地发展前景,并对盆地可持续发展提出了建议。     

中国油气资源可持续发展的潜力与挑战

至2050年前后,中国油气资源具有可持续发展的基础和潜力。经过60年的发展,我国从“贫油国”到油气生产大国,建成了24个油气生产基地,自主发展形成一系列中国特色的油气勘探开发理论与技术。我国油气地质条件十分复杂,这同时也孕育有广阔的勘探新区、新领域,待发现油气资源仍比较丰富,目前石油勘探刚进入中期阶段,天然气勘探尚处于早期阶段。同时,油气资源的进一步发展也面临诸多严峻挑战,经济快速发展油气需求缺口日益扩大,本土资源深入勘探开发的难度增大,勘探开发成本大幅上升,国际化经营拓展空间受多因素制约等。因此,必须始终加强油气勘探工作,一方面立足国内,坚持不懈开展新区新领域攻坚战,保持勘探工作量、储量、产量的稳定增长,采取多种方式,积极分享国际能源资源,引进和勘探利用国外石油和天然气;另一方面,还必须积极采取措施,全面推进节约用油用气战略,实现油气资源的可持续发展。     

中国油气资源的开发需要第二次创业

石油天然气资源在世界经济发展中具有举足轻重的意义。过去５０年 ,中国的石油地质和地球物理工作者 ,踏遍了祖国的平原和荒漠 ,航巡了渤、黄、东、南海 ,在海陆新生代上下第三系地层中找到了石油和天然气 ,且获得年产原油１．７亿吨、名列世界产量第五位的成就 ,不仅有力地支援了国家的经济建设 ,而且以陆相生油科技成果闻名于世。这是中国油气的第一次创业。５０年开发陆相油气 ,虽然已取得重大成就 ,但经过半个世纪的开发 ,许多油气田开发现已处于中晚期 ,产量下降 ,石油天然气产量已不能满足国家经济建设的需求 ,每年需要用几百亿元的外…     

中国与东盟的能源合作

目前中国与东盟的能源合作已上升到战略层面,合作内容正从单一的石油天然气贸易向以油气资源的联合勘探与开采、保护能源运输通道的安全以及建设新的能源运输通道为主过渡。贸易额不断上升中国与东盟国家在能源领域的正式合作开始于1978年。从20世纪90年代中期开始,中国与东盟之间的石油和天然气贸易额不断上升。2001～2004年,我国分别从东盟国家大约进口了31.2亿美元、38.2亿美元、55.3亿美元和64.7亿美元的油气资源及其产品,又分别向东盟国家大约出口了12.5亿美元、15.5亿美元、24.6亿美元和23.3亿美元的油气资源及其产品。2005年1～10月,…     

基于AHP的石油钻井成本风险因素分析研究

油气钻井工程是石油天然气资源勘探与开发的重要手段和环节,同时钻井成本占油气勘探和开发总成本的比重也较大,钻井成本大小直接影响石油天然气勘探开发的收益。由于钻井工程风险系数不断上升,使得钻井成本波动性越来越大,因此,控制油气钻井成本风险对于控制油气田开发成本至关重要。文章在定性分析了石油钻井成本构成要素以及钻井成本风险因素的基础上,利用层次分析法对影响石油钻井成本的风险因素进行定量分析,并对风险因素权重进行排序,得出风险因素对钻井成本的影响程度。     

油气储运中的安全环保问题及其对策

石油、天然气资源作为重要的基础能源,是日常生产生活和国民经济发展中不可或缺的一部分。随着我国工业化推进,油气储运安全问题也变得极为重要。由于石油、天然气自身的易燃易爆性,在运输、储存和使用的各个环节中,都存在泄漏的风险,一旦发生泄漏情况,就易产生安全隐患,最终造成难以挽回的损失。文章分析了油气储运中的安全环保问题并从管道的选材,油罐的改造和油气回收等方面给出了相关对策,以期达到保护生产安全,提高生产效益的目的。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.