不同纯度Ti3SiC2的摩擦磨损行为

利用盘块式高速摩擦试验机,在滑动速度为20 m/s、法向载荷范围为0.2～0.8 MPa的条件下,试验研究了高纯度钛硅碳Ti3SiC2材料及含碳化钛TiC的Ti3SiC2材料的摩擦与磨损行为.两种材料的摩擦系数随着压力的增大都呈现出先增加后平缓减小的趋势,高纯度Ti3SiC2材料的磨损率随着压力的增加呈减小趋势,而含TiC的Ti3SiC2材料的磨损率随着压力增加呈先减小后增加的趋势.扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)的观察和分析结果表明,在Ti3SiC2的摩擦表面有摩擦生成氧化层的存在.该氧化层具有降低摩擦系数和磨损率的自润滑作用.     

WC-Ni/SiC摩擦副滑动摩擦性能

以WC-(5,7,9)Ni硬质合金与SiC陶瓷材料为摩擦副,在MMU-10型屏显式材料端面摩擦磨损试验机上,研究该摩擦副材料在干摩擦条件下,不同压强、不同滑动速度时的摩擦磨损行为,利用扫描电子显微镜观察磨损后的表面形貌.结果表明:当压强一定时,随着滑动速度的增加,WC-Ni/SiC摩擦副的摩擦因数逐渐下降,并趋于平稳;当滑动速度一定时,随着试验压强P的增加,摩擦因数逐渐减小;摩擦因数还随合金中Ni含量的增加而增大;硬质合金的磨损量随材料的硬度降低而增大;当滑动速度0.95 m/s时,摩擦副材料的磨损机制与合金成分和试验压强P有关,当p=0.015 MPa时,WC-5Ni/SiC为粘着磨损,WC-7Ni/SiC和WC-9Ni/SiC表现为粘着和磨粒磨损综合作用机制;当p=0.60 MPa时,3种摩擦副的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损.     

压力对颗粒增强铝与碳基材料摩擦系数的影响

用自行研制的盘块式高速摩擦试验机,在滑动速度为30 m/s、法向载荷范围为0.1～0.8 MPa的条件下,试验观察了法向载荷对碳化硅颗粒增强6061铝复合材料与碳基材料摩擦系数的影响.结果表明:摩擦系数存在显著的压力依赖行为和摩擦过程初期的时间过渡行为.在相对稳定阶段,摩擦系数的统计平均值随法向载荷增大经历先快速增大后缓慢减小,标准偏差与法向载荷的关系也显示出类似的变化趋势.所有连续摩擦过程的初期,摩擦系数都经历一个从小到大的过渡变化,而过渡期的时间随着法向载荷的增大单调下降.     

铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料的湿式摩擦性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备铜基湿式摩擦材料,利用金相技术分析材料表面的微观结构,并用MM-1000摩擦试验机研究制动条件对动摩擦因数影响的变化规律。研究结果表明：添加短切炭纤维增强的材料能有效提高材料的能量许用负荷和摩擦因数;摩擦副的制动速度为1500r／min和2500r／min时,摩擦因数随制动压力的增加而减小;摩擦副的制动速度为3500r／min时,摩擦因数随制动压力的增大呈现先降低而后增大的趋势;当制动压力为1．0MPa和1．5MPa时,摩擦因数随制动速度的提高而缓慢减小;当制动压力为2．0MPa和2．5MPa时,摩擦因数随制动速度的增加呈现先减小而后急剧增大的趋势。     

不同压力下Ti3SiC2陶瓷的干摩擦磨损性能研究

采用反应烧结技术制备了Ti3SiC2陶瓷.利用环盘摩擦磨损试验机,研究了压力(载荷)对反应烧结Ti3SiC2陶瓷的干摩擦磨损性能的影响.试验在环盘摩擦试验机上进行,以低碳钢为对摩体,温度为25℃,相对湿度为23%~25%,滑动时间为0.5 h,滑动速度为0.5 m/s,法向压力为20~60 N.试验结果表明:随着压力的增大,Ti3SiC2陶瓷的干摩擦因数和磨损率均呈现先增加后降低趋势,干摩擦因数正压力为30 N时最大,而磨损量则在压力为40 N时最大.利用扫描电镜分析了压力对Ti3SiC2陶瓷的干摩擦磨损性能的影响,探讨了其摩擦磨损机理:当压力较小时,磨损以磨损表面发生流变和Ti3SiC2粒子脱落造成的磨粒磨损为主;当压力超过40 N时,则以氧化膜的轻微划痕和轻微黏着磨损为主.     

22MnB5硼钢裸板热成形中的高温摩擦

采用自制高温摩擦试验机模拟实际热冲压工艺条件下22MnB5裸板的高温摩擦过程,分析初始摩擦温度、滑动速度和法向载荷对其摩擦行为的影响.结果表明:转移过程中试样表面形成氧化层,摩擦时氧化层起到保护和润滑作用,初始摩擦温度对裸板摩擦系数的影响不大;在较低的摩擦速度下,试样表面的氧化物形成厚度不均匀的小堆积块,试样表面凹凸不平并且无法良好支撑摩擦界面,摩擦系数增大;法向载荷较大时,试样表面氧化物被大量剥落,金属基体暴露,摩擦系数增大.     

炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

选取由CVD预增密至一定密度,再进行树脂浸渍/炭化补充增密至1.85 g/cm3的炭/炭复合材料作摩擦环试样.测试了该试样在一系列刹车速度时的摩擦磨损性能,并对其摩擦面及磨屑进行了SEM观察,对摩擦面进行显微喇曼光谱分析.研究结果表明炭/炭复合材料的摩擦磨损性能随刹车速度的变化而发生显著变化,在10 m/s时出现最高峰,在25 m/s出现亚高峰;磨损量随刹车速度的增加而增加,而氧化磨损在刹车速度为25 m/s时开始大量产生,在28 m/s时达最大值.其摩擦表面形貌、结构及磨屑亦有较大差别.刹车速度从5 m/s升至20 m/s时,摩擦面石墨化度降低,石墨结构向无定型碳结构转变,但在高速时石墨化度反而升高,无定型碳结构又向石墨结构转变.     

氨基硅烷自组装分子膜的制备与摩擦特性

采用原子力显微镜对3-氨基丙基-三乙氧基硅烷自组装分子膜成膜过程进行了表征,其成膜过程包括两个阶段,第一阶段为APS水解产物与基体表面发生聚合反应,表现为"岛"式结构数量增多.第二阶段为APS分子之间发生聚合反应,表现为"岛"式结构长大.在微摩擦磨损试验机对氨基硅烷摩擦特性的研究表明,在载荷为50 mN时,钢球与APS自组装分子膜间的摩擦系数随滑动速度的增加而减小.在滑动速度为0.33×10-4 m/s时,钢球与APS自组装分子膜间的摩擦系数随着载荷的增大逐渐减小,但变化幅度不大.     

离心铸造高铅锡青铜合金摩擦磨损性能研究

采用离心铸造方法制备了高铅锡青铜(ZCu Pb22Sn1.5)合金,研究了载荷和摩擦速度对其摩擦磨损性能的影响及摩擦磨损机理.研究发现:在0.05 m/s摩擦速度下,随着载荷的增加,高铅锡青铜合金摩擦系数减小,磨损率增加,当载荷增加到120 N后,摩擦系数趋于稳定;在100 N载荷下,随着摩擦速度的增加,摩擦系数逐渐减小,磨损率增加,摩擦速度增加到0.10 m/s以后,摩擦系数迅速减小,到0.20 m/s以后摩擦系数趋于稳定;当继续增加载荷和摩擦速度时,由于铅润滑膜的破坏而增加了磨损率.在摩擦磨损过程中容易在摩擦表面形成软质铅润滑膜从而起到耐磨作用.     

SiC对不锈钢的摩擦磨损特性

在室温、无润滑的条件下,利用销盘式摩擦磨损实验考察了SiC与不锈钢(1Cr18Ni9Ti)组成摩擦副的摩擦磨损特性,SiC在5 N和20 N载荷作用下磨损机制为脆性分层磨损.SiC随载荷增加摩擦系数减少,但磨损率随载荷增加而增加.结果表明,SiC与不锈钢对磨时,磨损率达10-4mm3/(N.m)-1数量级,属磨损剧烈,不适合组成摩擦副.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to