基于Bertrand和Cournot博弈的频谱共享模型

针对多个主用户和单个次用户的场景,提出了一种基于Bertrand和Cournot混合博弈的频谱共享模型.主用户拥有两种具有一定替代性的频谱资源,并根据频谱市场需求决定采用Bertrand或Coumot博弈,通过相应地调整频谱数量和价格策略来获得最大收益.最后,推导了该模型静态博弈纳什均衡表达式,分析了动态博弈的稳定性,并通过非完全信息动态博弈的仿真结果验证了模型的正确性.     

P2P环境下的基于多种用户共享行为的防污染方案

P2P环境下的文件污染问题威胁着系统的安全性和可用性,甚至可能导致系统消亡.当前的信誉机制和基于文件特征等防污染方案存在未考虑多种用户共享行为、难以获得大量原始数据和版本发布初期恶意欺骗等问题.本文首次发现用户共享习惯差异性、用户特别长时间保留个别文件等多种用户共享行为,并分析其对防污染方案的影响.提出了基于多种用户共享行为的防污染模型,减弱了多种用户共享行为干扰和版本发布初期恶意欺骗等问题.设计了结构化P2P网络下低开销的实现机制,自动收集大量用户共享文件信息,解决了难以获取大量原始数据的问题.文中还给出了系统参数配置方案.基于真实系统运行日志的模拟实验证明该方案能够准确、快速地区分出虚假文件,降低虚假文件下载次数,保证接近100%的真实文件下载比例,有效抵抗文件污染的攻击.     

一种新的频谱共享模型

考虑认知无线电系统中多个主用户与单个次用户共享频谱的问题,提出了基于Cournot博弈的频谱共享模型.依次推导了基于Cournot与Bertrand博弈的频谱共享模型的静态纳什均衡,给出了动态博弈获取纳什均衡解的分布式算法,分别分析了只考虑主用户收益与考虑社会效益这两种情况中,信道质量与频谱的可替代性对两种博弈模型的影响,给出了它们的适用范围.最后通过仿真结果验证了本文模型的可行性.     

一种自适应频谱成形器:在超宽带认知无线电中的应用

超宽带脉冲无线电(UWB-IR)在高速通信、高精度定位及穿墙透地等重要领域具有广阔的应用前景,它与认知无线电结合将进一步缓解频谱资源的紧张局势.然而,现有的UWB脉冲难以充分利用其频谱能量,导致其传输性能下降;同时,UWB-IR无法有效而灵活地进行频谱规避,从而无可避免地干扰其余授权用户.从数学插值理论出发,本文基于径向基神经网络提出一种通用频谱成形滤波器,进行合理简化后给出其简单硬件实现.该脉冲设计网络能快速跟踪UWB设备的工作环境,自适应地设计具有特定频谱的UWB-IR脉冲.当无授权用户工作时,它能最大化频谱利用率,改善UWB系统传输性能;当有授权用户时,在最大化非授权频段能量利用率的前提下,它能有效地规避授权频段,实现可靠频谱共享.理论分析和仿真表明,基于神经网络的UWB脉冲在频谱利用率、频谱规避性能及接收性能等方面均优于现有设计方案.     

域间IP欺骗防御服务扩展

拒绝服务攻击严重影响Internet的可用性，而攻击者通常采用源IP欺骗方式，使得网络防御更加困难．尽管已经提出许多防御IP欺骗的机制，但只是部分部署，防御效果差．本文首次提出一种域间IP欺骗防御服务扩展机制——MASK，在给定防御节点覆盖的情况下，延伸防御机制保护范围，增强节点的防御能力．借鉴Transit-StubAS模型，根据BGP消息MASK节点代理邻居中StubAS与目的端AS协商标识，共享源IP地址空间信息，向StubAS提供IP欺骗防御服务．同时利用BGP消息约束源．目的端之间MASK会话数，减小了标识的计算和存储开销．MASK不仅扩大了防御机制保护范围，且提前过滤了IP欺骗数据流．应用Routeview提供的RIB进行评估，MASK在相同覆盖下能够扩展IP欺骗防御机制的保护范围，是一种高效的域间IP欺骗防御机制，可为建设新一代可信网络提供有力支撑．     

非合作Internet用户行为特征和约束机制的研究

基于一次博弈模型的流速与拥塞控制方法虽然能解释用户的非合作行为,但是由于最终的均衡解的效率不高,影响了其应用价值.文中在讨论了一次博弈模型和流速均衡的解析解的基础上,对基于无限重复博弈模型的流速与拥塞控制行为进行了深入研究.提出了重复和无限重复流速与拥塞控制博弈模型,论证了重复博弈NEP的存在性和最优性,并讨论了重复博弈中贴现因子的意义.接着研究了N个用户的无限重复流速控制博弈中用户不合理行为的惩罚威胁策略,设计了无限和有限博弈中用户行为的惩罚约束方法.最后利用重复博弈模型中的结论,提出了一种基于重复博弈模型的流速率控制算法FCAR.仿真实验表明,FCAR算法能够较为有效地规范和约束用户不合理行为,促使理性的非合作用户达成合作,以实现整个流速与拥塞控制系统效用的最优.     

企业合作研发中的机会主义行为及其治理机制设计

合作研发可以快速、低成本、低风险获得研发所需资源,已成为企业在新产品开发和技术创新时普遍选择的策略。但企业的机会主义行为增加了合作关系的复杂性,破坏了合作研发的健康发展。本文基于非正式的自我约束机制和正式的制度约束机制相结合的视角,通过博弈建模的方法研究了企业合作研发过程中机会主义行为发生的条件和影响要素,并以此为基础提出了相应的治理机制和防范策略,以提高合作研发的绩效,实现合作研发各方利益的最大化。     

遗传算法的模式欺骗性分析

讨论了遗传算法的模式欺骗性和欺骗问题. 描述了模式包含、竞争与关联等概念，给出了基于主竞争关系的模式欺骗性与GA欺骗问题的严格定义，包括完全欺骗问题、一致欺骗问题、序列欺骗问题和基本欺骗问题. 分析了完全欺骗吸引子的特征，给出了形成完全欺骗问题的吸引子应满足的条件. 然后，讨论了GA欺骗性与隐含并行性、收敛性之间的关系. 结合计算实例说明了模式欺骗性对GA搜索行为的影响.     

认知无线电网络中频谱切换概率研究

为了解决认知无线网络中由于频谱的移动性给无线资源管理带来的新挑战，提出了一种描述频谱移动和认知用户行为的时间关系模型，并对该时间模型下的频谱切换概率问题进行了研究。推导了一次认知业务请求服务时间内，发生频谱切换的概率公式，研究了频谱空洞消失的速率与认知业务离开的速率对频谱切换概率的影响，给出了频谱切换不大于4次时的理论和仿真概率，仿真结果验证了理论结果的正确性。研究结果表明，频谱空洞消失的越快，认知业务持续的时间越长，发生频谱切换的概率就越大。     

一种基于PIO改进强化学习的航天器复杂多约束姿态机动规划新方法

本文针对多个姿态约束条件下的航天器姿态机动规划问题进行了研究,提出了一种基于鸽群算法的改进的策略梯度强化学习算法(PIOPGRL).首先,针对强制指向约束和禁止指向约束,建立了基于角度的姿态约束模型,根据约束模型建立了强化学习的回报函数.然后,使用适应度函数替代策略评价函数,将鸽群算法与强化学习相融合.针对策略梯度强化学习算法计算量大、收敛速度慢的问题,使用鸽群算法求解策略梯度,极大减少了计算量.仿真结果表明,相比于策略梯度强化学习算法,基于自PIO改进强化学习的航天器姿态机动规划算法(PIOPGRL)在极大减少计算量的同时,有更优的规划结果,更小的机动代价,适用于微小航天器解决多个姿态约束条件下的姿态机动规划问题.     

GTPase activating proteins: structural and functional insights 18 years after discovery

The conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and inorganic phosphate (P_i) by guanine nucleotide binding proteins (GNBPs) is a fundamental process in living cells and represents an important timer in intracellular signalling and transport processes. While the rate of GNBP-mediated GTP hydrolysis is intrinsically slow, direct interaction with GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) accelerates the reaction by up to five orders of magnitude in vitro. Eighteen years after the discovery of the first GAP, biochemical and structural research has been accumulating evidence that GAPs employ a much wider spectrum of chemical mechanisms than had originally been assumed, in order to regulate the chemical players on the catalytic protein-protein interaction stage. Received 25 March 2005; received after revision 31 August 2005; accepted 6 September 2005     

The discovery of α-Klotho and FGF23 unveiled new insight into calcium and phosphate homeostasis

The traditional view of calcium homeostasis is that it is maintained by two essential reactions. First, changes in extracellular Ca²⁺ are sensed in several distinct cell types, stimulating the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25(OH)₂ D and calcitonin in response to the body’s requirement. Second, these calcitropic hormones then act on the calcium-translocating cells of the kidney, bone, and intestine to restore calcium balance. Recent progress indicates that α-Klotho and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 are key players that integrate the multi-step regulatory system of calcium homeostasis that rapidly adjusts the extracellular calcium concentration and continuously maintains its concentration within a narrow physiological range. α-Klotho and FGF23 are also found to be major players in the regulatory system of phosphate homeostasis. Here, the demonstration of the molecular functions of α-Klotho and FGF23 has recently given new insight into the field of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Received 3 April 2008; received after revision 23 May 2008; accepted 5 June 2008     

Anatomy of autophagy: from the beginning to the end

Autophagy is a highly regulated process in eukaryotes to maintain homeostasis and manage stress responses. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms and key players involved in autophagy will provide critical insights into disease-related pathogenesis and potential clinical treatments. In this review, we describe the hallmark events involved in autophagy, from its initiation, to the final destruction of engulfed targets. Furthermore, based on structural and biochemical data, we evaluate the roles of key players in these processes and provide rationale as to how they control autophagic events in a highly ordered manner.     

海杂波频谱的多重分形特性分析

本文主要研究海杂波频谱的多重分形特性并分析其影响因素．首先介绍了将多重分形理论引入到海杂波频谱分析中的理论基础，然后，采用X波段与S波段相参雷达实测数据验证海杂波频谱的多重分形特性，并采用多重分形去趋势起伏分析（MF-DFA）法对海杂波频谱进行多重分形特性分析、分析结果表明海杂波频谱是一种受长程相关性和概率分布共同影响的多重分形序列，并且频域多重分形参数广义Hurst指数对海杂波单元与目标单元具有一定的区分能力．此外．通过分析广义Hurst指数的影响因素还发现FFT时所采用的时间序列长度对广义Hurst指数影响相对较大，而FFT点数对其影响相对较小．     

A diffusion model for products with indirect network externalities

This paper develops a new diffusion model that incorporates the indirect network externality. The market with indirect network externalities is characterized by two‐way interactive effects between hardware and software products on their demands. Our model incorporates two‐way interactions in forecasting the diffusion of hardware products based on a simple but realistic assumption. The new model is parsimonious, easy to estimate, and does not require more data points than the Bass diffusion model. The new diffusion model was applied to forecast sales of DVD players in the United States and in South Korea, and to the sales of Digital TV sets in Australia. When compared to the Bass and NSRL diffusion models, the new model showed better performance in forecasting long‐term sales. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stem cells and their niche: a matter of fate

Embryonic stem cells provide an in vitro model for developmental biologists to study cell fate decisions during ontogenesis, while somatic stem cells allow physiologists to understand tissue homeostasis in the adult. The behavior of stem cells is dependent on an intimate relationship with a supportive niche. This brief review highlights some of the most important recent trends in stem cell biology, focusing in particular on the supportive microenvironments for both embryonic and adult stem cells. Known intrinsic and extrinsic molecular players from the best-characterized stem cell types are summarized, illuminating a number of shared environmental cues among tissues originating from all three embryonic germ layers. Received 6 October 2005; received after revision 27 December 2005; accepted 17 January 2006