渠道防渗：输水防渗漏工程新途径

在我国，渠道防渗方法可分两类：一类是改变原渠床土壤渗透性能，又可分为物理机械法和化学法。前者是通过减少土壤空隙达到减少渗漏的目的，可用压实、淤淀、抹光等；后者是掺入化学材料以增强渠床土壤的不透水性。一类是设置防渗层，即进行渠道衬砌，可用混凝土和钢筋混凝土、塑料薄膜、砌石、砌砖、沥青、三合土、水泥土和粘土等各种不同材料衬砌渠床。采用防渗措施后，渠道渗漏损失可以减少50％～90％。混凝土衬砌是一种较普遍的渠道防渗形式，防渗防冲效果好、耐久，但投资较大。塑料薄膜防渗国外在20世纪40年代已开始应用，我国60年代以来发展很快，防渗效果好，造价亦较低，一般应用于流速小的渠道。三合土、水泥土等防渗材料可就地取材，造价较低，适于无冻害地区使用。70年代以来，对沥青玻璃纤维等防渗新材料以及机械化施工等方面的研究、推广应用，正逐步得到发展。在有冻害地区进行渠道衬砌，需采取防冻措施。防治渠道冻胀破坏可采用改善土壤性质和减少土壤水分，减轻基本冻胀强度，使衬砌结构适应基土的冻胀变形等方法。 渠道防渗不仅能节约灌溉用水，而且能降低地下水位，防止土壤次生盐碱化；防止渠道冲淤和坍塌，加快流速提高输水能力，减小渠道断面和建筑物尺寸；节省占地，减少工程费用和维修管理费用等。     

中小型现浇混凝土防渗渠道衬砌施工技术探讨

现在，在全国各地的引调水、农业节水灌溉工程建设中，由于混凝土防渗渠道具有良好的防渗效果，一般减少渗漏损失水量的85％以上，可以提高输水能力，减小渠道的断面尺寸和耐久性强的特点，是适用于不同的地形，气候和使用条件的大中小型渠道和农业节水灌溉工程建设中得到了广泛的应用。下面结合自己的工作经历论述现浇梯形断面混凝土防渗渠道的各方面的工艺流程：施工准备、混凝土材料、混凝土的浇筑、养护及拆模等工艺流程及其质量控制。     

渠道防渗工程技术的探讨

随着我国建筑行业的快速发展，渠道工程技术也得到了很大进步。渠道工程中防渗工程是十分重要的，受到了人们的普遍关注。科学技术的不断发展，防渗材料也层出不穷，字儿就需要施工人员根据工程建设的需要选择最合适的防渗材料。本文主要阐述了当前渠道防渗工程建设的相关内容，并重点分析了防渗工程中应该注意的问题，期望可以进一步促进防渗工程技术的发展。     

北方渠道防渗抗冻技术研究与进展

渠道防渗灌溉技术是大多数灌区的主要输水手段,在寒冷的北方地区,如果渠道防渗设计不当,渠道冻胀破坏会导致防渗失效。文章阐述了防渗工程冻害分析、渠道防冻措施以及渠道防渗抗冻新材料应用等方面的发展状况,指出了目前防渗抗冻方面存在的问题,并阐述了在抗冻胀新材料、新型复合土工膜材料和新型保温复合材料等方面需要继续深化研究的内容。     

水利渠道防渗工程技术浅析

水利渠道防渗工程与用水系数和社会经济效益息息相关,为缓解水资源紧缺,本文对水利渠道防渗工程的主要相关技术进行了介绍,水利渠道防渗工程技术主要涉及到防渗材料的选用,可分为土料、石材、混凝土和薄膜材料等;特殊基土的处理,包括盐渍土、冻胀土和膨胀土;渠道断面,包括U型断面、弧形坡底梯形和弧形坡脚梯形等断面,此外本文还对目前渠道防渗工程技术存在的问题做了浅析, 以期为水利工作者在相关方面的工作提供参考.     

混凝土衬砌渠道抗冻胀技术措施综述

渠道防渗是解决目前用水供需矛盾的关键技术,渠道的严重渗漏不仅仅影响经济效益,而且还会造成不良后果。以渠道防渗的现状为出发点,从渠道衬砌断面形式、防渗材料及种类、施工机械与技术等七个方面介绍了我国在渠道防渗等方面取得的进展,相信未来我们在渠道防渗抗冻胀方面还会取得更大的成效。     

砼膜复合衬砌防渗技术在景电二期渠道工程中的应用

根据省水科所的实验研究成果和总结实践经验，对景电二期渠道防渗衬砌，从衬砌材料到结构型式和施工方法进行分析比较和经济论证，确定了砼膜复合衬砌防渗渠道设计。工程实践证明本设计有效减少渗漏损失，不仅可以较多的节约灌溉用水；还可以减少地下水补给，控制地下水位、防止土壤盐碱化；以及减少渠道管理养护费用等多种效益。     

农田灌溉防渗渠道衬砌施工技术

为保证农田渠道现浇混凝土防渗渠道的防渗效果和耐久性,对农田灌溉防渗渠道衬彻施工技术,包括施工预备、混凝土材料、混凝土配合比以及混凝土的浇筑等方面进行总结,以保证施工质量,做到优质、经济、安全。     

聚氨酯建筑密封材料在渠道防渗工程中的施工及应用

渠道及水工建筑物在运行管理中，保证工程安全和效益充分发挥是水利工程管理单位的首要任务，防渗工程设计和施工质量的好坏直接影响工程的安全和效益，选择安全、可靠的防渗止水材料及施工技术是防渗工程成功的关键。     

农田灌溉混凝土渠道衬砌施工技术

为保证农田渠道现浇混凝土防渗渠道的防渗效果和耐久性,对农田灌溉防渗渠道衬彻施工技术,并对施工预备、混凝土材料、混凝土配合比以及混凝土的浇筑等方面进行总结,以保证施工质量,做到优质、经济、安全。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-