结构胶接接头湿热环境耐久性研究概述

相比于传统机械连接,如铆接、焊接和螺栓连接,结构胶接技术有着诸多优势,近年来在很多工业领域得到了广泛应用。由于胶黏剂本身具有高分子聚合物材料的特性,使得胶接接头的环境耐久性成为关乎工程结构连接可行性和长期服役可靠性的关键问题。在概述结构胶接接头湿热环境耐久性研究工作的基础上,分别从影响胶接结构性能的环境湿度、温度及其耦合作用等角度展开讨论,介绍了国内外研究人员取得的研究进展和成果。指出了今后的研究方向:结合多种观测尺度下的环境老化试验和数值仿真方法,探究胶层吸湿、蠕变、热膨胀和吸湿膨胀等环境老化行为,利用模型预测方法模拟其在多场耦合工况下的多种力学性能退化行为,从而为胶接结构的工程设计和应用提供更加可靠的理论建模和试验数据支持。     

基于响应面模型的胶接接头拉剪强度影响因素分析

通过建立胶接接头拉剪强度的有限元模型,预测接头拉剪过程中的胶层内部最大应力,基于胶层和钢板的材料特性、几何因素与胶层内部最大应力的响应面模型,分析了不同因素对胶接接头强度的影响规律.结果表明:胶层内部最大应力与钢板厚度呈负相关关系;胶层厚度和钢板屈服强度均存在使胶层内部应力最小的临界值;胶层内部最大应力与胶层屈服强度呈负相关线性关系,其斜率受到胶层厚度及钢板的厚度和屈服强度的共同影响.     

层合板单搭胶接接头应力的三维有限元分析

应用ANSYS有限元分析软件,用APDL语言开发了相应的程序,研究T700/TDE86复合材料层合板单搭胶接接头在单向拉伸载荷作用下的胶层中面及界面应力,分析了接头界面最大剪切/剥离应力值随胶层厚度尺寸变化的规律,模拟了接头在胶层厚度中间面上的三维应力分布情况.结果表明,明显的剪切/剥离应力集中均发生在接头搭接区端部,影响接头强度的主要因素是剪应力;伴随胶层厚度的增加,接头界面最大剪应力值先减小再增大,而最大剥离应力值则逐渐增大,接头界面剪应力最小值发生在胶层厚度为0. 25 mm的接头,即为胶接接头胶层厚度的较优值.     

层压板单搭接胶接结构损伤失效行为表征分析

为指导层压板胶接结构设计,提高层压板胶接结构的稳定性,基于ABAQUS软件及其用户自定义场变量子程序(USDFLD)和内聚力单元,建立了同时考虑层压板与胶层损伤与失效的层压板单搭接胶接结构的数值分析模型,模型预报结果与试验结果基本吻合.基于该模型对层压板单搭接胶接结构进行应力分析与承载能力影响因素分析,结果表明:胶接结构中胶层剥离应力在胶层内呈对称分布且两端存在应力集中现象,胶层的失效从胶层的两端向中间逐渐扩展;胶层剪应力沿胶层长度方向呈两端高中间低的"凹"形分布;搭接长度是影响胶接接头强度的主要因素,随着搭接长度的增大,胶接接头的强度随之增大并最终趋于稳定值;胶接接头强度和刚度随层压板厚度的增大而增大,但增加幅度较小;层压板铺层形式对胶接结构的承载能力几乎无影响.     

表面处理对胶粘剂/金属界面疲劳性能的影响

对碳钢表面分别进行硅烷和磷化处理,然后用环氧树脂胶粘剂粘接. 研究了不同表面处理的胶接接头力学性能,分析了金属表面处理方法对胶粘剂/金属界面疲劳性能的影响. 在胶接接头施加疲劳载荷,测量了胶接接头疲劳前后的强度-位移曲线. 对比疲劳前后界面剪切强度的变化,采用断裂力学理论分析了界面裂纹扩展过程. 结果表明:表面经硅烷处理后,界面粘接强度最大,耐疲劳性能最好. 胶接接头的失效通常在界面发生,能量可以通过裂尖扩展释放,也可以通过粘接层的塑性变形释放.     

胶接、胶焊与点焊接头剪切拉伸疲劳行为

通过剪切拉伸疲劳试验测定车用结构胶接接头、胶焊接头和点焊接头在不同应力水平下的疲劳寿命.基于载荷-寿命曲线在单对数坐标下为指数曲线段这一假设,利用疲劳试验数据拟合出载荷-寿命曲线,以此表征三种接头的疲劳性能.同时,对胶接接头、胶焊接头和点焊接头的疲劳行为进行对比分析.研究表明:三种连接方式的疲劳试验数据具有较好的规律性;拟合结果证实了三种接头载荷-寿命曲线在单对数坐标下为指数曲线段这一假设的正确性;胶接接头的疲劳强度最高,而点焊接头最低;胶焊接头的疲劳断裂行为比胶接接头更为安全;通过胶焊工艺可以有效提高车身接头的疲劳寿命等.研究结论为车用结构胶胶接技术的应用提供了参考依据.     

超声振动辅助碳纤维复合材料胶接研究

基于超声波振动能够改善液体填缝、提高固液界面浸润的特性,提出超声波振动辅助碳纤维复合材料胶接方法.在碳纤维复合材料胶接过程中,外加超声波振动,通过外力场直接干预并强化胶接过程,突破目前胶接主要通过界面改性等被动强化方法的不足.以赛车碳纤维悬架横臂胶接接头为研究对象,采用正交实验,研究超声波振动位置、振动时间、振动压力三个工艺因素,设计了超声波辅助碳纤维复合材料接头胶连接的工艺.实验结果表明:超声波振动辅助胶接可提高胶接强度52%,提高胶接强度稳定性66%,显著改善碳纤维复合材料的胶连接性能,为复合材料胶连接工艺强化提供参考.     

环境中水分对单搭接接头强度和应力的影响

研究了环境中的湿度对胶接接头强度的影响.当胶粘剂处于恒湿环境中,胶粘剂吸收环境中的水分,胶粘剂在固化时,其中吸收的水分汽化,在胶粘剂内部形成孔洞,从而导致实际搭接面积的下降并引起应力集中,使得胶接接头抗载能力的下降.随着接头孔洞的增加 ,接头的名义剪切强度下降,但实际的剪切强度反而上升.     

异种材料单搭接接头力学性能

为研究异种材料在不同连接方式下的失效特点并促进胶铆接头在工程中的应用普及,本文以碳纤维/铝合金单搭接接头为研究对象,对胶接、铆接和胶铆混合连接接头的静态拉伸力学性能开展了试验研究。研究中以胶粘剂材料和铆钉材料为研究变量,首先对单搭接胶接接头和铆接接头的拉伸力学行为进行讨论,并从中分别选择了两种胶粘剂和铆钉材料进行组合,重点研究了胶铆接头的交互作用,同时也对铆接方向对接头的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,从载荷-位移曲线上看,胶接接头呈现脆性的断裂特点,铆接接头呈现韧性的断裂特点,胶铆接头综合了胶接和铆接的断裂特点,且胶粘剂在其过程中先断裂失效。另外,铆接方向对铆接和胶铆接头的力学性能有重要影响;当铆钉从碳板侧插入时,其力学性能会优于铆钉从铝板侧插入制备的连接接头。本研究中,强胶弱铆组合制备的胶铆接头表现出最强的正交互作用,因此其材料的利用率最高。本研究为工程实际中复合材料与金属材料间的连接提供了设计依据和指导方法。     

加载速率对胶接单搭接头剪切强度的影响

讨论了胶层中的粘弹性对单搭接胶接接头拉伸剪切强度和应变的影响,认为胶层一般具有的粘弹性与应力集中程度间有较为密切的关系试验结果表明：在胶接接头经历拉伸剪切试验时,加载速率对接头强度和应变有显著的影响,胶层中的粘弹性也起着重要的作用     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.