注重“四个关注”合理设计教学目标

教学过程是极其复杂的认识过程，确定教学目标、实施教学活动、对教学效果进行测量和评估构成教学过程中紧密联系的三个主要环节。其中，教学目标不仅是教学活动的依据，也是教学测量和评估的依据。教学过程是围绕教学目标而进行的，教学目标是教学活动的出发点和归宿，是教学设计的关键。教学目标的确立有助于教师明确学生“学什么”和教师课后检验学生“学”得怎么样，有助于教师明确学生“怎么学”和教师“怎么教”的问颢。[第一段]     

论学生学习积极性的调动

当前，在学校教学改革向着纵深发展并取得诸多成果的同时，不可否认，传统的“注入式”、“填鸭式”仍在思想政治课教学中占有一席之地。这种“注入式”、“填鸭式”教学方法产生的严重弊端之一是没有把学生当作学习的主体，片面地重视“教”，把学生置于被动地位。教师怎么“教”，学生就怎么“学”，一切教学活动都从教师的主观愿望和要求出发，学生只能是如何“适应”或“受训”的问题。这样一来，教师把学生当作“容器”，靠外力把教学内容强制性地“压”给学生，学生缺乏内驱力，在强大的“压力”下必然就会“怕学”、“厌学”，毫无学…     

关于教学"主体"的思考

从辨证的角度看，教学是一个不断发展的的动态过程。横向可分为“教”和“学”两部分。“教”的主体是教师，客体是学生；“学”的主体是学生，客体是教师。纵向可分：“准备教”阶段，教师是主体，教材和学生是认识客体；“课堂教”阶段，主客体间相互交流；“教后学”阶段，主体是学生，客体是教材与教师施加的影响．在教学全过程中，师生的主客体地位相互依存而又在一定条件下相互转化。     

英语的教与学——也谈教学以学生为中心

英语教学同其它教学活动一样,是一种师生的双边活动。在英语教学中,一方面教师要发挥指导作用,有目的、有计划地引导和帮助学生学习;另一方面又要调动学生的学习积极性,让学生自觉主动地学习,使英语教学活动符合教学规律,从而保证教学质量。因此,我们必须研究并调动英语教学活动中教师和学生这两大能动因素。 在英语教学活动中教师和学生各处什么地位?各扮演什么角色?谁是教学的中心?这些问题是需要认真解决的。否则,教师和学生不清楚他们各自在教学活动中的地位和作用,就不会有高质量的教学效果。 传统教学观点认为教师是教学活动的中心,而现代教学观点认为学生是教学活动的中心。教学从教师为中心到学生为中心的转变是教学理论研究的一大突破,它反映了人们对教学现象认识的最新成果。长期以来,人们总认为教师是教学活动的中心,教师有至高无上的“权力”,可以想教什么教什么;想怎么教就怎么教,把学生视为一个没有能动性而任人灌装知识的容器。结果那种善于“满堂灌”,讲起课来头头是     

纸上得来终觉浅绝知此事须躬行--关于教练技术在操作性课程运用的报告

在教授操作性课程的环节中，教师象一个教练，教师和学生象教练和运动员的关系。如果教学中对教练技术生搬硬套则死，实行有所改良的“拿来主义”则活。教学中“教”是老师起主导作用，学生才是“学”的主体，“教”是为“学”服务的，课堂上老师不能停留在理论上，应做操作性练习，教学应切实落实提高学生的能力。     

浅谈小学低年级口语交际训练

现代教学论认为：课堂教学是班集体师生共同进行的活动。巴班斯基则强调“教的最优化必须落实到学的最优化。”教师的“教”是为了学生的“学”，而教师教得怎样，则要看学生学得如何。在口语交际课中，要让学生真正成为学习的主人，老师在教学上，要注意以下几个问题，让学生想学、乐学、会学，学了还要会用。     

大学数学教学方法浅谈

鉴于近年的大学数学教学经验，通过对数学教学的目的、内容和方法进行探讨，论述了大学数学教学面临的“为什么教”、“怎么教”、“教什么”等基本问题，提出了提高教师自身素质、与时俱进的要求。     

对外治语教师综合素养论略

名师出高徒，自古尔然。之所以如此，是因为凡名师必具有学风范和教育家的素养。其渊源的学识使教什么目标明确，练什么取舍合理；而他们循循善诱、灵活多变的教学艺术又总会使怎么教方法独特，如何练措施得力，并且在教学中处处体现出高屋建筑、游刃有的大家风度和“总把金针度与人”的高超技巧，虽然并不是每位教师都能成为名师，但合理的知识经济和娴熟的技能却是合格教师的努力方向，关于这一点，对新兴的对外汉语教学而言，教师特别是中青年教师综合素养的提高就显得尤为紧迫与重要。     

浅谈兴趣与体育课教学

体育教学离不开体育教师的“教”与学生的“学”,其中教师的“教”固然重要,但是学生的“学”也是不可忽视的,只有充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,才能使学生“学”得好,同时也体现出教师“教”得妙。而学生的学习兴趣将直接影响其学习的积极性和主动性,也就是说学生对体育课有无兴趣,将直接影响到体育教学的质量。     

师之"授"与生之"受"

教学生“会学”，就是教师在教学中不仅要把知识传授给学生，更重要的是要培养和发展学生的学习能力，教给学生掌握知识“内化”的思路与方法，使学生具有“自得”知识的本领，从而达到叶圣陶先生所说的“教是为了不教”的境界。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.