电弧放电减弱激波强度的仿真研究

为了研究电弧等离子体数学建模,首先分析了等离子体与超声速流场相互作用的机理,然后开展了不同放电组数、放电位置与电弧温度对激波减阻效果影响的仿真研究。结果表明:随着激励位置的前移,主流激波强度减小;随着激励组数的增加,主流激波前移,主流激波强度减小;热量源项温度存在一个阈值,能够使流场出现热节流现象。因此当温度继续增大后,激波变化不明显。最后进行了实验验证。研究结果表明施加等离子体激励减弱了尖劈前方斜激波的强度。同时,进一步证明了等离子体与超声速流场耦合的热机理。     

新型超声速旋流分离器设计及数值模拟

设计一种静态导向叶片安装在拉伐尔喷管之前,使流体经旋流后再进入拉伐尔喷管进行膨胀降温的新型超声速旋流分离器.新型超声速旋流分离器中气流的旋转发生在亚声速段,使得分离器内的激波更容易控制,降低能量损失,使液滴的再蒸发影响程度减小,从而提高分离器的分离性能及压力恢复能力.对新型超声速旋流分离器内流体的流动规律进行数值模拟研究.结果表明:随着升压比的增大,激波位置由扩压器向喷管方向移动,升压比控制在40% ～ 73%内,超声速旋流分离器可正常工作;气流在拉伐尔喷管出口处形成低温、低压区,马赫数达到2.0,静温达-98.82 ℃,静压达82.945 kPa;新型分离器内旋流场离心加速度可达243558g(g为重力加速度),能够实现良好的超声速气液旋流分离.     

Laval喷管设计及在天然气液化中的应用研究

提出通过超声速喷管使气体在高速流动条件下急剧膨胀而产生的低温效应液化天然气。结合双三次曲线法、BWRS真实气体状态方程、圆弧加直线方法及边界层黏性修正进行Laval喷管的设计,对喷管内甲烷气体的流动及液化过程进行研究,并分析入口温度、压力及背压对甲烷气液化过程的影响。研究结果表明:气体在喷管内流动达到超声速并导致低压低温,促使气体液化;入口温度的降低或入口压力的升高能促进气体液化,但过低温度(低于170 K)将使气体进入固相区,同样,提高压力时,由于比热比增大,当压力增大到2.5 MPa时也将使气体进入固相区,阻碍气体的液化;随着背压的升高,激波将进入喷管内,减弱或破坏气体的液化过程。利用超声速旋流分离器液化天然气时,应尽可能地回收压力能并保证激波不进入喷管和旋流分离段内。     

超声速旋流天然气分离器的旋流特性数值模拟

与传统的低温分离工艺相比，超声速旋流天然气分离器是天然气处理工艺技术的一大创新。在超声速旋流天然气分离器中，气流经过拉伐尔喷管绝热膨胀形成带液滴的超声速低温混合气流，在超声速翼的作用下混合气流由轴流转换成旋流，实现超声速旋流分离。超声速翼是实现气液分离的关键部件。设计了三角薄板型超声速翼，并利用CFD软件对超声速翼段内气流温度、压力、马赫数等特性参数的变化规律和翼段沿主流方向切向速度的变化情况进行了分析。结果表明，在所设计的超声速翼段内，气流能始终保持超声速，翼段出口马赫数为1．4，翼前无激波产生；分离器的旋流加速度最高在572000g，可实现良好的超声速气液旋流分离。     

马赫数及间距对串列双圆柱超声速绕流的影响

为揭示不同条件下超声速圆柱绕流流动机理，该文对等直径串列双圆柱超声速绕流进行了数值研究。该文基于有限体积法和欧拉方程，结合5阶高精度加权本质无振荡格式，对不同马赫数及不同圆柱间距对流场的影响规律进行了数值研究，获得了超声速串列双圆柱绕流流场稳定后的流场特性和升力、阻力系数变化规律。结果表明，计算域内的复杂波系主要由弓形激波、反射激波以及弱激波组成；马赫数的增加会使激波结构被拉伸，改变弓形激波在壁面发生的反射类型，并造成计算域出口壅塞进而影响升力、阻力系数的稳定；圆柱间距的增加使得圆柱后方速度剪切层发生摆动，并造成不同间距条件下升力、阻力系数间的差异。     

超声速旋流天然气分离器的旋流特性数值模拟

与传统的低温分离工艺相比,超声速旋流天然气分离器是天然气处理工艺技术的一大创新.在超声速旋流天然气分离器中,气流经过拉伐尔喷管绝热膨胀形成带液滴的超声速低温混合气流,在超声速翼的作用下混合气流由轴流转换成旋流,实现超声速旋流分离.超声速翼是实现气液分离的关键部件.设计了三角薄板型超声速翼,并利用CFD软件对超声速翼段内气流温度、压力、马赫数等特性参数的变化规律和翼段沿主流方向切向速度的变化情况进行了分析.结果表明,在所设计的超声速翼段内,气流能始终保持超声速,翼段出口马赫数为1.4,翼前无激波产生;分离器的旋流加速度最高在572000g,可实现良好的超声速气液旋流分离.     

磁流体流动控制在航空工程中的应用与发展

总结了国内外磁流体(MHD)流动控制的研究现状,重点介绍了磁流体流动控制的3个典型实验:调节超音速进气道激波系结构,抑制流体边界层分离,减弱诱导激波强度;对磁流体流动控制机理进行了初步分析,说明放电等离子体能在激励区产生高温等离子体层,由于局部气体高温高压诱导出激波,形成虚拟尖劈,从而改变原有流场结构,施加磁场的主要用途是对放电电弧施加宏观的洛仑兹体积力,控制电弧运动的方向.最后,总结了磁流体流动控制的优势,并对国内MHD流动控制在航空工程上的应用与发展进行了展望.     

某超燃冲压发动机尾喷管的三维流场特性

超燃冲压发动机结构简单,推重比大,应用前景广阔.但其流场结构十分复杂,研究超燃冲压发动机三维流场结构具有重要的意义.采用计算流体力学软件对某超燃冲压发动机尾喷管的三维流场进行数值模拟,先后得到了流场的密度、马赫数、涡量及速度矢量线图.结果表明:喷管内及侧壁面出口处存在膨胀波.各个壁面出口处附近的流场存在羽流激波和剪切层,内喷管出口周围的羽流激波和剪切层呈环状分布在流场周围,上壁面尾部受羽流激波的影响产生一道由压强决定的管内斜激波.内喷管出口及上壁面尾部处也均存在流向涡结构.     

喷管内高速流动天然气相变特性数值研究

在超声速旋流天然气分离器中,气流经过拉伐尔喷管绝热膨胀形成带液滴的超声速低温混合气流,喷管内的相变是实现天然气分离的关键.根据相变理论、气体动力学理论并考虑了实际气体的影响,建立了描述有相变的喷管中天然气高速流动的数学模型.研究了喷管内有相变的天然气的流动特性;计算了不同入口条件下的相变起始点位置和水蒸汽的凝析率;分析了当喷管入口温度一定时,相变起始点、水蒸汽凝析率与入口压力的关系.计算结果表明,随着入口压力的升高,相变起始点位置逐渐前移,水蒸汽凝析率逐渐增大,建立了一种预测超声速旋流分离器正常工作压力范围的方法.     

大尺度高焓激波风洞喷管设计研究

激波风洞是开展高超声速飞行器气动力实验的重要地面试验设备,喷管是形成激波风洞试验流场的关键部段.针对大尺度高焓激波风洞,展开轴对称型面喷管设计方法的研究.喷管设计包括无粘型线设计和边界层修正两部分.无粘型线确定后会对其进行边界层位移厚度的修正.由于喉道处边界层位移厚度相较于特征长度(喷管喉道半径)是一个小量,传统的无粘型线设计方法在进行边界层修正时一般将其忽略.这一假设适用于很多超声速及高超声速喷管.但是大尺度高马赫数喷管需要考虑喉道处边界层的影响.对于高焓激波风洞,高温气体效应以及化学非平衡的影响较大,在喷管设计中不可忽略.本研究对高温气体效应以及边界层进行必要修正,并在数值模拟中考虑化学非平衡的影响.在特征线法的基础上,比热比等特征区关键参数取决于CFD数值模拟的结果.比热比可根据组分信息通过NASA拟合曲线来计算.然后通过叠加计算得到的边界层位移厚度进行迭代的边界层修正.本文利用改进的Sivells法设计Ma17喷管,并对其进行CFD数值模拟.喷管出口高度为2.5 m,总温和总压分别为7400 K, 30 MPa.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.