四水氯化锰催化合成乙酸正丁酯

用四水氯化锰作冰乙酸和正丁醇的酯化催化剂，成功地合成了乙酸正丁酯，考察了影响反应的各种因素，探讨并找到了较好的反应条件：冰乙酸0．30mol.n(冰乙酸)：n(正丁醇)=1．0：1．5(mol/mol)，催化剂用量为5％(反应物总质量的百分数)，反应时间为2．5h，产品收率可达85．3％．     

AlCl_3·6H_20催化合成醋酸异戊酯

以异戊醇和冰乙酸为原料 ,采用六水合三氯化铝作催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯。考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响。确定了三氯化铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件 :n冰乙酸∶n异戊醇 =1∶0 .7(摩尔比 ) ,六水合三氯化铝用量为 0 .6g ,反应时间为 3.0h ,转化率 (以 0 .2mol冰乙酸计 )达 94 2 %。     

AlCl3·6H2O催化合成醋酸正丁酯

以正丁醇和冰乙酸为原料,采用三氯化铝(AlCl3*6H2O)作催化剂合成醋酸正丁酯.考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响.找到了一种无污染、催化活性高的催化剂--AlCl3*6H2O,确定了AlCl3*6H2O作为催化剂的最佳反应条件:醇酸比n正丁醇∶n冰乙酸=1∶0.7,催化剂用量为0.6 g,反应时间为2.0 h,产率高达98.6%(以0.2 mol冰乙酸为基准);并且对催化剂的重复使用效果作了研究.     

AlCl3*6H20催化合成醋酸异戊酯

以异戊醇和冰乙酸为原料,采用六水合三氯化铝作催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯.考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响.确定了三氯化铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件n冰乙酸∶n异戊醇＝1∶0.7(摩尔比),六水合三氯化铝用量为0.6 g,反应时间为3.0 h,转化率(以0.2 mol冰乙酸计)达94.2%.     

固体超强酸Fe2O3—SO4催化合成醋酸丁酯的研究

以固体超强酸Fe2O3-SO4为催化剂，醋酸和正丁醇为原料合成了醋酸丁酯，结果表明：正丁醇用量为0．2mol，催化剂用量1．2g，醇酸摩经为1：1．5，反应时间3h，收率达85％以上。     

新型固体酸催化合成乙酸乙酯

以铁钾矾为催化剂,通过乙醇和乙酸反应合成乙酸乙酯,并对影响酯化率的因素进行了研究．结果表明最佳条件为：催化剂用量为0．6g／0．05mol冰乙酸,醇酸物质的量比为1．2：1,带水剂（苯）15mL,反应温度为73～78℃,反应时间为120min,酯化率可达96．78％．     

三氯化铝催化合成醋酸正丁酯的研究

以正丁醇和冰乙酸为原料 ,采用三氯化铝 (AlCl3·6H2 O)作催化剂合成醋酸正丁酯 .考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响 .确定了三氯化铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件 ;醇酸比例为n正丁醇∶n冰乙酸 =1∶0 .7;催化剂用量为0 .6g ;反应时间为 2 .0h ;产率高达 98.4% (以冰乙酸为基准 ) .并且对催化剂的重复使用效果作了研究     

固体超强酸树脂催化合成戊二酸二丁酯

以固体超强酸树脂为酯化催化剂合成了戊二酸二丁酯，考察了醇酸摩尔比、带水剂用量、催化剂用量及反应时间对酯化率的影响，通过极差分析，确定了合成戊二酸二丁酯的优化反应条件：以0．25mol戊二酸二丁酯为基准，醇酸摩尔比为3．0，催化剂用量为0．6％，带水剂环己烷24ml，反应时间为90min，戊二酸二丁酯收率可达99．3％以上。     

复合催化剂Hβ沸石／TiO2催化合成乙酸辛酯

采用复合催化剂Hβ沸石／TiO2合成了乙酸辛酯。确定反应的最佳条件为：酸醇物质的量比1：1．1、催化剂用量3．0g／mol乙酸、催化剂中TiO2的质量百分比10％、环己烷用量20mL／mol乙酸、反应时间3．5h。与其它单一固体酸催化剂比较，复合催化剂的催化性能更优越，乙酸的转化率更高。     

硫酸铝催化合成醋酸异戊酯的研究

以异戊醇和冰乙酸为原料,采用硫酸铝(Al_2(SO_4)_3·18H_2O)作催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯.考察了催化剂用量、原料配比和反应时间等因素对反应的影响.确定了硫酸铝作为催化剂的最佳反应条件:n_(冰乙酸):n_(异戊醇)=1:0.6(摩尔比),硫酸铝用量为0.5 g,反应时间1.5 h,产品收率(以0.2mol冰乙酸计)达95.2％.并且对催对剂的重复使用效果作了讨论.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to