杉木中幼林抚育间伐试验调查分析

对初植密度为3000株/hm2的7～9a生杉木林进行不同始伐时间、不同间伐强度试验,结果表明：在预定时间和间伐强度范围内,始伐时间越早或间伐强度越大,林分平均胸径、树高、材积的增幅也越大,经济效益越高。其中以7a生间伐强度30%对林分的胸径、树高、材积的生长效应最明显,以7a生间伐强度20%的林分蓄积量为最大。因此,以培育大中径材为目标,则适宜的初次间伐方案为始伐期7a、强度间伐30%,若培育中小径材的林分,则宜为始伐期7a、强度间伐20%。     

长白落叶松人工林多目标经营模式研究

【目的】我国林业目前处于提高森林资源质量和转变发展方式的关键阶段,林分水平的经营决策对科学制订森林经营规程、提高森林质量具有重要意义。利用模拟-优化系统,探究不同林分条件下的最佳经营模式,可为提高黄花落叶松(Larix olgensis)(俗名长白落叶松)人工林多目标经营水平提供理论基础和实施方案。【方法】以标准长白落叶松人工幼龄林为研究对象,利用多属性效用函数和妥协性分析构建包括净现值、大径材产量和林木碳储量的多目标经营模型,链接林分生长模型与粒子群优化算法,优化不同经营方程并提出经营模式。【结果】在不同造林密度(2 500和3 300株/hm²)及不同地位指数(16～22 m)下两种多目标方程(MOF₁和MOF₂)估算的林分主伐年龄为54～96 a,净现值为38 047.8～109 194.9元/hm²,大径材年均产量为1.8～4.4 m³/(hm²·a),轮伐期内年均林木碳储量为59.7～103.1 t/(hm²·a)。随着林木...     

基于密度效应模型尾叶桉人工林最优密度的研究

利用7种不同密度的尾叶桉人工林标准地材料,引入优势高变量因子建立密度效应抛物线式改进模型,该模型可使密度效应规律在不同立地条件及不同生长阶段得以体现。生产弹性分析结果表明：尾叶桉密度效应处于负效应阶段,当密度减少1 %时,平均单株材积增加0.452 0 %。边际产量分析结果表明：当其他条件不变时,每0.06 hm2面积上增加1株林木,单株平均材积减少0000 032 m3;优势木高每增加1.0 m,单株平均材积增加0.001 006 m3。利用该密度效应模型确定不同立地条件下尾叶桉林分最优密度,得出当林分年龄等于地位指数推算的基准年龄(6 a)时(即主伐年龄为6 a),15~20地位指数尾叶桉人工林最优密度分别为1 237、1 492、1 779、2 100、2 458和2 853株/hm2。     

桐棉松与乡土阔叶树混交造林试验

通过桐棉松×乡土阔叶树不同混交类型造林试验,对8a生混交幼林调查结果表明,松阔混交能明显地促进桐棉松的生长,提高林分生产力,是培育桐棉松速生丰产用材林的有效生物措施之一,但混交树种及不同混交比例对桐棉松的生长影响较大。试验研究初步结果表明,桐棉松与木荷等阔叶树混交的适宜类型为:桐棉松×木荷-2:1-3450株/hm2(初植密度),桐棉松×火力楠或闽粤栲-1:1-3450株/hm2(初植密度)。值得注意的是,桐棉松阔叶树混交,如伴生树种为速生的阔叶树种(如火力楠、闽粤栲等),则阔叶树的比例不宜过大。     

低密度造林对杉木生长、形质和材种结构的影响

【目的】对江西大岗山地区低密度杉木人工林自然稀疏进程、林木生长进程、形质特征、材种结构和经济效益动态变化特征进行调查分析,为杉木低密度造林调控管理提供科学依据。【方法】以2 500株/hm²传统造林密度为对照,对设立在江西省分宜县初植密度为1 111、1 667株/hm²的2种低密度杉木试验林生长发育规律进行了25 a动态监测分析。【结果】林分平均树高、平均胸径、枝下高和蓄积量均随林龄增加而增加,随密度的减小而递增;19~25年生时不同造林密度林分的平均胸径差异达显著水平,8~19年生和22~25年生时分别为枝下高和蓄积量增加最快的时期,但二者受林分密度的影响均不明显;累积枯损率和林木自然分化程度随林龄的增加而增加,随密度的降低而减小,25年生时不同造林密度林分累积枯损率差异达显著水平;林木平均冠幅随年龄增加呈先上升后下降再缓慢上升的趋势,19年生时不同密度的冠幅间差异达显著水平;年均自然稀疏率和林冠重叠度随林龄的增加呈先上升再缓慢下降的趋势,年均自然稀疏率22年生时达最大值,林冠重叠度8年生时达最大值,此时不同密度的林冠重叠度间差异达显著性水平。25年生时,造林密度为1 111和1 667株/hm²林木的胸高形率、心材占比高于造林密度为2 500株/hm²的指标,断梢率、高径比和幼/成龄材比率低于造林密度为2 500 株/hm²的指标,其中高径比密度间差异达显著水平;19~25年生近成熟龄期,林分大径木比例和大径材出材量均随造林密度降低而增加,该时期1 111和1 667株/hm²低密度林分总蓄积量、总出材量和经济材出材量逐渐与造林密度为2 500株/hm²接近,25年生时造林密度为1 667株/hm²的总蓄积量、总出材量和经济材出材量均超越造林密度为2 500株/hm²的指标。经济效益分析表明,造林密度1 667株/hm²林分的纯收入和净现值最大,比2 500株/hm²林分的提高了1.09倍和1.10倍,而造林密度为1 111株/hm²的效益成本比和内部收益率最高,分别为7.35和30.20%。【结论】初植造林密度1 111和1 667株/hm²较适宜在江西大岗山地区杉木人工林造林中选择应用。     

闽南沿海山地火力楠用材林林分密度管理技术

对闽南沿海山地Ⅲ类立地条件下19年生火力楠密度试验林的调查研究结果表明：培育火力楠用材林的适宜初植密度为2500株／hm^2左右，同时应根据具体立地条件和培育目标做适当调整，立地条件一般的以培育中小径纤维材为主的，可在2500株／hm^2基础上适当密植，以不超过3333株／hm^2为好。相反，立地条件好的以培育板材为主的，则应适当稀植，以2000株／hm^2-2500株／hm^2为宜。同时，应根据林分生长发育状况，适时适量地进行间伐，最终林分保留密度以1650株／hm^2左右为宜。     

栽植密度对小黑杨人工林幼龄材和成熟材生长量的影响

以小黑杨为研究材料,研究不同栽植密度(1 000、500、250株/hm2)对林木幼龄材、成熟材生长量的影响.结果表明:不同栽植密度的林木幼龄期为12～13 a,栽植密度对林木幼龄材、成熟材年轮数影响均不显著;栽植密度对林木幼龄材、成熟材宽度及面积的影响极显著,随着栽植密度的减小,幼龄材宽度及面积明显增大,而对于成熟材,500株/hm2的林木生长量较大;不同栽植密度林木幼龄材面积比例达74%～83%,栽植密度最小的林分幼龄材比例最大;幼龄材生长速率要比成熟材大10倍左右,不同栽植密度间幼龄材、成熟材生长速率差异明显.相比而言,栽植密度对小黑杨幼龄材的影响较大.     

不同轮伐期巨尾桉人工林的经济效益分析

【目的】探讨不同轮伐期对人工林经济效益的影响,为从经济视角科学确定人工林的合理轮伐期提供理论依据。【方法】以短(7a)、中(13a)、长(21a)轮伐期的南亚热带巨尾桉人工林为研究对象,对不同轮伐期巨尾桉人工林的蓄积量(Stand volume,SV)、营林成本、净现值(Net present value,NPV)和内部收益率(Internal rate of return,IRR)进行分析,揭示不同轮伐期对经济效益的影响。【结果】随着轮伐期的延长,巨尾桉人工林的蓄积量持续增长,7a、13a、21a轮伐期的蓄积量分别为144.95m~3/hm~2、346.97m~3/hm~2、553.69m~3/hm~2。随着轮伐期的延长,巨尾桉人工林净现值不断增加,在12a时达到最高值(30 297.61元/hm~2),之后逐渐降低,7a、21a轮伐期的净现值分别为17 239.86元/hm~2、22 008.59元/hm~2。内部收益率在13a开始趋近峰值(53.32%),明显高于7a时的39.29%。【结论】在南亚热带,巨尾桉人工林的轮伐期确定在13a左右较为适宜,既可实现经济效益最大化,又可大幅提升蓄积量。     

萌芽更新与植苗更新对尾巨桉人工林收获的影响

应用相对生长法和样方收获法对萌芽更新和植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量及生产力进行研究.结果表明:相同密度条件下,植苗更新尾巨桉人工林生物量高于萌芽更新人工林;当密度为1097株/hm2时,植苗更新和萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林的生物量分别为79.193 t/hm2和68.682 t/hm2,年平均净生产量分别为23.998 t/hm2和21.463 t/hm2.植苗更新和萌芽更新人工林群落净生产量排序由高到低依次为:乔木层、枯枝落叶层、灌木层、草本层.萌芽更新尾巨桉人工林生物量随保留密度的增加而增加.不同更新模式尾巨桉林分干材、干皮、枝、叶、根系的生物量分别占总生物量的60.50%～60.86%、5.62%～5.89%、10.88%～11.23%、4.11%～4.54%和18.1%～18.27%.林分生物量分配的大小排序为:干材、根系、枝、干皮、叶.     

甘肃武都五凤山林区油松人工林的生物量和生产力研究

对甘肃武都五凤山林区35a生油松人工林的生物量和生产力进行了研究.结果表明,该林区的生物量为114 613t/hm2,净生产力为12 917t/hm2·a;乔木层生物量为113 046t/hm2,净生产力为11 825t/hm2·a,叶面积指数(LAI)为13 0843t/hm2,叶的净同化率(NAR)为0 796t/hm2·a,属于较高生产力水平.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to