Dynamical resonance in F＋H2 chemical reaction and rotational excitation effect

Reaction resonance is a frontier topic in chemical dynamics research,and it is also essential to the understanding of mechanisms of elementary chemical reactions.This short article describes an im- portant development in the frontier of research.Experimental evidence of reaction resonance has been detected in a full quantum state resolved reactive scattering study of the F H2 reaction.Highly accurate full quantum scattering theoretical modeling shows that the reaction resonance is caused by two Feshbach resonance states.Further studies show that quantum interference is present between the two resonance states for the forward scattering product.This study is a significant step forward in our understanding of chemical reaction resonance in the benchmark F H2 system.Further experimental studies on the effect of H2 rotational excitation on dynamical resonance have been carried out.Dy- namical resonance in the F H2(j=1)reaction has also been observed.     

Observation and interpretation of a time-delayed mechanism in the hydrogen exchange reaction

Extensive theoretical and experimental studies have shown the hydrogen exchange reaction H+H2 --> H2+H to occur predominantly through a 'direct recoil' mechanism: the H--H bonds break and form concertedly while the system passes straight over a collinear transition state, with recoil from the collision causing the H2 product molecules to scatter backward. Theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations of this scattering process. Indirect exchange mechanisms involving H3 intermediates have been suggested to occur as well, but these are difficult to test because bimolecular reactions cannot be studied by the femtosecond spectroscopies used to monitor unimolecular reactions. Moreover, full quantum simulations of the time evolution of bimolecular reactions have not been performed. For the isotopic variant of the hydrogen exchange reaction, H+D2 --> HD+D, forward scattering features observed in the product angular distribution have been attributed to possible scattering resonances associated with a quasibound collision complex. Here we extend these measurements to a wide range of collision energies and interpret the results using a full time-dependent quantum simulation of the reaction, thus showing that two different reaction mechanisms modulate the measured product angular distribution features. One of the mechanisms is direct and leads to backward scattering, the other is indirect and leads to forward scattering after a delay of about 25 femtoseconds.     

H+LiH及其同位素替代D+LiD反应的动力学研究

基于两个LiHH体系基态势能面,采用准经典轨线的方法对H + LiH → H₂ + Li及其同位素替代D+LiD → D₂ + Li反应进行了动力学研究,计算了基态反应几率、积分反应截面、产物矢量相关性质P(?_r)、极化微分反应截面以及不同振转态对积分反应截面的影响。通过对结果分析比较发现,Yuan-PES势能面具有小势垒,而Li-PES不存在势垒或势阱。基于Yuan-PES的积分反应截面略高于基于Li-PES的积分反应截面,此外还研究了振动激发对产物分子的转动角动量的取向特征和定向特征的影响,以及同位素替代对其的影响;H+LiH反应的前向散射趋势较D+LiD反应更明显,且Yuan-PES的前向散射程度更高。该研究丰富了该体系动力学性质,对以后该体系的实验研究具有一定的参考意义。     

H原子与SiFn(n=1～4)反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）B3LYP方法，在6-311G（2d，2p）基组下，研究了H原子与SiFn（n=1～4）的反应历程．通过振动频率和内察反应坐标（IRC）分析，对过渡态进行了确认．在QCISD／6-311G（2d，2p）水平上进行了单点能计算，并进行了零点能校正．结果表明：在单重态下H原子倾向于添加到Si原子上，而二重态和三重态下H原子倾向于夺取F原子．在H原子一步步夺取F原子的反应过程中，主要产物为SiHF3，Si原子在副反应中生成．由于副反应能垒较高，在真实体系中生成Si原子很困难，由此我们推断实际反应中加入的衬底起到了关键作用．     

He+H_2~+(HD~+,DH~+)反应的立体动力学研究

利用准经典轨线方法研究了He+H2+及其同位素取代反应的立体动力学性质,讨论了k,k′以及j′三个矢量之间的矢量相关.计算结果表明,反应的产物分子趋向于向前散射,并且产物的转动角动量不仅定向而且有较强的取向.     

Penning离子阱中H+,H2+/H,H2反应的研究

用Penning离子阱经碰撞反应H ,H 2/H,H2产生稳定的H n(n=3,4,5,6).高分辨离子谱中除了H ,H 2,H 3和H 5之外,还探测到H 4,H 6.根据Wright和Borkman预言n=4,6的偶数氢团簇离子与对应的n=5,7的奇数离子具有可比较的结合能,由该实验结果可以推断,n=4,6与n=5,7的离子在反应动力学方面具有相近的性质,都能够经碰撞合成反应获得.还分析了H 4,H 6的生成机制.     

MEHMO法计算F+H_2共线反应势能面

用改进的EHMO(MEHMO)法计算了F+H_2共线反应的势能面,本方法在H矩阵的对角元中引入了一项描述不同原子间排斥力的经验项,基组选用F原子的2p_(?)轨道和H原子的1s轨道,参数值B为0.64,在得到的势能面上,于R_(UH)~*=2.54 a.u.和P_(HH)~*=2.18a.u.处出现的位垒高度为15.72kJ/mo1.反应产物和作用物的能量差为-144.21kJ/mo1.本文所得结果与实验测定、从头计算法的结果一致。     

H2在F2内燃烧反应机理探讨

利用公式△H=-0.119 6n/λ计算了H_2在F_2内燃烧反应的理论火焰温度.当反应物温度为400 K时,其理论火焰温度为4 354 K,与实际温度3 962 K较为接近,根据火焰温度,提出了H_2在F_2内燃烧反应的机理,该机理为:(1)F_2+hv→2F·,(2)H_2+2F·→2HF+2hv,     

Vibrational excitation through tug-of-war inelastic collisions

Vibrationally inelastic scattering is a fundamental collision process that converts some of the kinetic energy of the colliding partners into vibrational excitation(,). The conventional wisdom is that collisions with high impact parameters (where the partners only 'graze' each other) are forward scattered and essentially elastic, whereas collisions with low impact parameters transfer a large amount of energy into vibrations and are mainly back scattered. Here we report experimental observations of exactly the opposite behaviour for the simplest and most studied of all neutral-neutral collisions: we find that the inelastic scattering process H + D(2)(v = 0, j = 0, 2) --> H + D(2)(v' = 3, j' = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8) leads dominantly to forward scattering (v and j respectively refer to the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers of the D(2) molecule). Quasi-classical trajectory calculations show that the vibrational excitation is caused by extension, not compression, of the D-D bond through interaction with the passing H atom. However, the H-D interaction never becomes strong enough for capture of the H atom before it departs with diminished kinetic energy; that is, the inelastic scattering process is essentially a frustrated reaction in which the collision typically excites the outward-going half of the H-D-D symmetric stretch before the H-D(2) complex dissociates. We suggest that this 'tug of war' between H and D(2) is a new mechanism for vibrational excitation that should play a role in all neutral-neutral collisions where strong attraction can develop between the collision partners.     

CP自由基与C6H6反应机理的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平下研究了CP自由基与C6H6反应体系的产物分布和反应机理.得到了详细标注反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的势能面示意图.计算结果表明CP+C6H6体系的主要产物是C6H5CP+H,次要产物是HCP+C6H5.与深入研究的CN+C6H6反应体系相比,CP和CN反应体系的机理完全相似.本理论计算可以为将来实验室分离和研究一些含有不饱和CP基团的物种提供非常有价值的信息.     

Creation of ultracold molecules from a Fermi gas of atoms

Following the realization of Bose-Einstein condensates in atomic gases, an experimental challenge is the production of molecular gases in the quantum regime. A promising approach is to create the molecular gas directly from an ultracold atomic gas; for example, bosonic atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate have been coupled to electronic ground-state molecules through photoassociation or a magnetic field Feshbach resonance. The availability of atomic Fermi gases offers the prospect of coupling fermionic atoms to bosonic molecules, thus altering the quantum statistics of the system. Such a coupling would be closely related to the pairing mechanism in a fermionic superfluid, predicted to occur near a Feshbach resonance. Here we report the creation and quantitative characterization of ultracold 40K2 molecules. Starting with a quantum degenerate Fermi gas of atoms at a temperature of less than 150 nK, we scan the system over a Feshbach resonance to create adiabatically more than 250,000 trapped molecules; these can be converted back to atoms by reversing the scan. The small binding energy of the molecules is controlled by detuning the magnetic field away from the Feshbach resonance, and can be varied over a wide range. We directly detect these weakly bound molecules through their radio-frequency photodissociation spectra; these probe the molecular wavefunction, and yield binding energies that are consistent with theory.     

金属-苯配合物的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论 (DFT/BLYP)在 6 - 31G基组水平上研究了金属原子 -苯与离子 -苯配合物的气相电子转移过程 ,得到了M(Li,Na,Mg) -C6H6和M -C6H6络合物以及它们之间电子转移过程中的先驱络合物的最优几何构型和电子结构 .同时利用线性坐标确定了过渡态的结构 .结果表明 :DET方法计算得到的单体即原子 (离子 ) -苯的构型同MP2结果较为一致 .通过分析过渡态及单体的原子上的电荷分布 ,对电子转移的反应机理进行了探讨 ,给出了反应活化能及电子转移反应的耦合矩阵元 ,并进一步计算出了反应的速率常数     

反应物转动激发对反应H+HeH+→H2++He立体动力学性质的影响

基于Ramachandran势能面,运用准经典轨线方法,研究了反应物转动激发对反应H+HeH+→H+₂+He立体动力学性质的影响。结果表明,反应物转动激发对反应的k-j′两矢量相关和k-k′-j′三矢量相关分布都产生了较大影响。产物分子H+₂的转动极化在不同的转动激发态下呈现出不同的特征,而且极化微分反应截面对转动量子数j也非常敏感。     

Y3Al5O12基质中Dy3+的浓度猝灭机制

采用溶胶-凝胶/燃烧合成法制备不同掺杂浓度的Dy:Y3Al5O12(YAG)发光粉体。分析基质晶体结构、Dy3+掺量对Dy3+光致发光性能的影响,并探讨Dy3+在Y3Al5O12基质中的自身浓度猝灭机制。根据激发光谱,Dy:YAG的主激发峰位置在353 nm,对应Dy3+的6H15/2→6P7/2跃迁。在Dy:YAG晶体结构中,Dy3+取代Y3+的位置具有D2对称性,故Dy:YAG的蓝光发射强度要高于黄光发射强度,且Dy3+最佳摩尔分数为0.02;Dy3+的4F9/2→6H15/2、6H13/2跃迁发射的浓度猝灭机制均为相邻中心的电偶极-电偶极相互作用引起的交叉弛豫(4F9/2+6H15/2→6H9/2+6F3/2)所造成的。     

H4C2N+氮杂阳离子的结构与反应性

组成为H4C2N^ 氮杂阳离子有烯丙基型和烯酮亚胺型两类，它们都有较强的亲电性和反应活性，通过环加成反应能导入一种含氮的杂环结构，生成新的氮杂环化合物，由于反应能在常温下进行，反应的原料容易得到，使得氮杂阳离子的反应在有机合成中有着重要的实用价值．应用量子化学理论及其计算方法，从理论上研究这类体系的骨架原子在不同位置时的结构及其异构体的稳定性，以及它们与含双键的分子进行环加成反应的机理，寻找其反应规律，对于在有机合成中正确认识和应用这类反应有着重要的指导意义。     

气相中二氧化铬与乙烯反应机理的理论研究

用密度泛函B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//6-311G(2d,p)法研究了CrO2(+2A1/4A″)+C2H4生成P1[Cr(OCH2)(+2A"/4A")+CH2O]和P2[CrO(+2Σg/4Σg)+C2H4O]的气相反应,重点对影响反应机理和反应速率的势能面交叉现象进行了讨论,并运用Hammond假设和Yoshizawa等的内禀反应坐标单点垂直激发计算的方法大致确定了势能面交叉点(crossing point(CP))或势能面交叉缝(crossing seam)的位置。研究结果表明,CrO2+活化乙烯C-C键是一个[2+2]类型反应,整个反应经历了重排过程。     

Crystal structure of a membrane-embedded H+-translocating pyrophosphatase

H(+)-translocating pyrophosphatases (H(+)-PPases) are active proton transporters that establish a proton gradient across the endomembrane by means of pyrophosphate (PP(i)) hydrolysis. H(+)-PPases are found primarily as homodimers in the vacuolar membrane of plants and the plasma membrane of several protozoa and prokaryotes. The three-dimensional structure and detailed mechanisms underlying the enzymatic and proton translocation reactions of H(+)-PPases are unclear. Here we report the crystal structure of a Vigna radiata H(+)-PPase (VrH(+)-PPase) in complex with a non-hydrolysable substrate analogue, imidodiphosphate (IDP), at 2.35?? resolution. Each VrH(+)-PPase subunit consists of an integral membrane domain formed by 16 transmembrane helices. IDP is bound in the cytosolic region of each subunit and trapped by numerous charged residues and five Mg(2+) ions. A previously undescribed proton translocation pathway is formed by six core transmembrane helices. Proton pumping can be initialized by PP(i) hydrolysis, and H(+) is then transported into the vacuolar lumen through a pathway consisting of Arg?242, Asp?294, Lys?742 and Glu?301. We propose a working model of the mechanism for the coupling between proton pumping and PP(i) hydrolysis by H(+)-PPases.     

NH2与ClO自由基反应机理

利用量子化学理论方法。研究了与大气臭氧层损耗密切相关的自由基反应NH2＋ClO的微观机理。在密度泛函B3LYP／6-311＋G（d,p）水平上优化得到反应路径上的反应物，过渡态，中间体和产物的几何构型，并通过振动频率分析对过渡态和中间体进行了确认。在高级电子相关组态相互作用QCISD（T）／6-311＋G（d，p）水平上进行了单点能计算，得到了反应体系的势能面信息,结果表明，该反应经过缔合、H-转移和离解等过程，最终可以得到五种产物，分别为H2NO＋Cl，H2NClO，HCl＋HNO，H2＋NO＋Cl和NH＋HClO,由于形成产物H2NO＋Cl的活化势垒较低，因而是主要反应通道，而形成产物NH＋HClO的通道从动力学上看是最不利的。     

D+OH (A2∑+,v=0，j=0)的反应动力学

在用多体项展式方法建立HDO分子解析势能函数的基础上,用准经典轨线（Quasiclassical trajectory, QCT）方法,研究了碰撞体系D+OH (〖WTBX〗A2∑+, v=0, j=0)在5个产物通道上的动力学特点. 结果表明：即使碰撞能量较低, D+OH (A2∑+,v=0, j=0)也不能形成长寿命络合物;交换反应D+OH→DH+O和D+OH→DO+H能在较宽的碰撞能量范围内发生, 且均为无阈能的放热反应,但其发生的几率不同,前者的反应截面明显大于后者;当碰撞能量进一步增大时（例如     

Extreme deuterium enrichment in stratospheric hydrogen and the global atmospheric budget of H2

Molecular hydrogen (H2) is the second most abundant trace gas in the atmosphere after methane (CH4). In the troposphere, the D/H ratio of H2 is enriched by 120 per thousand relative to the world's oceans. This cannot be explained by the sources of H2 for which the D/H ratio has been measured to date (for example, fossil fuels and biomass burning). But the isotopic composition of H2 from its single largest source--the photochemical oxidation of methane--has yet to be determined. Here we show that the D/H ratio of stratospheric H2 develops enrichments greater than 440 per thousand, the most extreme D/H enrichment observed in a terrestrial material. We estimate the D/H ratio of H2 produced from CH4 in the stratosphere, where production is isolated from the influences of non-photochemical sources and sinks, showing that the chain of reactions producing H2 from CH4 concentrates D in the product H2. This enrichment, which we estimate is similar on a global average in the troposphere, contributes substantially to the D/H ratio of tropospheric H2.