熔融CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO渣系氢的渗透度

采用水气通过熔融渣膜扩散和气相色谱直接测定的新方法来研究熔渣氢的渗透度,结果表明:氢的渗透度与温度有明显关系,随着温度增加,渗透度增加。在1350～1450℃,CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3-MgO渣系氢的渗透度为9.34×10~(-(?))～5.65×10~(-(?))mol/(min·mm),碱度为2.5时氢的渗透度最大,碱度小于2.5时,渗透度随碱度增加而增加,碱度大于2.5时,渗透度随碱度增加而降低,渗透度与水气分压平方根成正比,氢在熔渣中的扩散系数可从渗透度与溶解度中计算出来;为1.51×10~(-4)～7.24×10~(-3)cm~2/s。     

碳硅烷树形大分子-铂络合物的催化性能研究

以1-己烯和三乙氧基硅烷的硅氢加成为模型反应,研究了碳硅烷树形大分子-铂络合物对于不饱和化合物的硅氢加成反应的催化活性,考察了n(N)/n(Pt)比值、温度、树形大分子代数等对催化活性的影响。结果表明,随催化剂n(N)/n(Pt)比值的增大,催化活性逐步降低,活性高峰处于n(N)/n(Pt)值为2~4之间。硅氢加成产物以β-加成产物为主,具有良好的选择性。     

钢中氢致裂纹机构研究

用抛光的恒位移试样对处理到不同强度(σ_b=92～185公斤/毫米~2)的4种低合金钢在各种致氢环境(如电解充氢、纯氢、气体H_2S、水介质、H_2S水溶液、缓蚀剂水溶液、丙酮、酒精等有机溶液)下跟踪观察了氢致裂纹的产生和扩展过程。与此同时也测量了各种致氢环境(电解充氢、H_2S水溶液、水溶液、水中阴极化和阴极极化)下的K_(ISCC)(或K_(IH))和da/dt。并研究了它们随强度变化的规律。 结果表明,当加载裂纹前端的K_I>K_(ISCC)(K_(IH))后,在上面所说的任何一种致氢环境下都能产生氢致滞后塑性变形,并由此导致裂纹的产生和扩展。即随着氢的扩散进入,原裂纹前端塑性区及其变形量逐渐增大。对超高强钢,在滞后塑性区端点形成不连续的氢致裂纹,它们随滞后塑性变形的发展逐渐长大以致互相连接。当强度降低时,氢致裂纹沿滞后塑性区边界连续地向前扩展。这就表明,在Ⅰ型裂纹条件下,“氢脆”是氢致滞后塑性变形的必然结果。 在所有致氢环境下,止裂K_(ISCC)(K_(IH))均随钢的强度下降而升高。强度相同时,水中加缓蚀剂和阳极极化使K_(ISCC)升高,阴极极化使K_(ISCC)下降,,da/dt升高,而在H_2S饱和溶液以及加载电解充氢时K_(ISCC)(K_(IH))最低,da/dt最高。 实验也表明,在电解充氢条件下还能以另一种机构形成裂纹。它们的产生和     

水-四氢萘混合溶剂液化蔗渣的工艺研究

在间歇式高温高压反应釜中,以水、四氢萘、水-四氢萘混合溶剂为反应介质,研究了甘蔗渣直接液化制备生物油的工艺。调查了蔗渣/溶剂的固液比、液化温度、水-四氢萘混合溶剂中四氢萘含量、碱预处理对蔗渣液化效率的影响。研究结果表明,在液化温度200~320℃范围内,单独使用水和四氢萘作为溶剂液化时最大转化率分别为68%和89%,最大液体产率分别为61%和70%,而且,水作为溶剂液化时,转化率随温度升高缓慢增加,而四氢萘液化时,在270~280℃转化率急剧地增加(增加了30%);当水-四氢萘混合溶剂中四氢萘含量大于50%时,蔗渣转化率均高于单独使用水或四氢萘液化,预示着水和四氢萘之间的协同作用;使用Na OH预处理蔗渣,大幅提高了以水和水-四氢萘混合溶剂为反应介质的转化率和液体产率。与蔗渣原料相比,液化产物显示了较低的氧含量(20.96%~27.24%)与较高的热值(27.65~30.82 MJ/kg),达到了对蔗渣脱氧和提高热值的目的。     

低合金钢水介质中的应力腐蚀机构

用抛光的恒位移试样对不同钢种、不同强度的高强钢在水介质中应力腐蚀裂纹的产生和扩展进行了金相跟踪观察。结果表明:超高强钢(σ_b≥160公斤/毫米~2的30CrMnSiNi_2A,ZG-18铸钢)应力腐蚀时,裂纹前端塑性区逐渐扩大,闭合后形成不连续裂纹,以后随塑性区中变形量增大主裂纹扩展並与新裂纹相连。当强度降低时,(σ_b≤138公斤/毫米~2的30CrMnSiNi_2A,40CrNiMoA,30CrMnSiA)塑性区随时间增大,但不闭合,随其变形量增大,原裂纹沿弹塑性边界向前扩展。强度更低(σ_b<110公斤/毫米~2的30CrKnSiNi_2A,σ_b≤120公斤/毫米~2的40CrNiMoA)塑性区不增大,裂纹也不扩展。 同样试样在电解充氢条件或干氢条件下,加载裂纹前端同样能产生滞后塑性变形,而且裂纹产生和扩展的情况完全和水介质中类似。由此可知,裂纹前端滞后塑性变形是由氢引起的。 高强钢或超高强钢在水介质中应力腐蚀的机构如下:阴极放氢,它进入裂纹前端引起滞后塑性变形,从而导致裂纹的产生和扩展。     

氢等离子体特性及其对钨的辐照行为研究

本文依托四川大学直线等离子体装置(SCU-PSI)产生高通量氢等离子体,采用朗缪尔探针对氢等离子体特性进行诊断,研究了氢等离子体特性随放电电流、气体流量等输入条件的演变规律;并利用调控产生的氢等离子体对纯钨进行了相应的辐照研究. 实验结果显示, 在磁场0.1~0.2 T、气流量1 000~2 200 sccm和电流180~228 A范围内,氢等离子体通量密度、热负荷密度及电子密度、温度等参数与磁场和电流呈正相关关系,而与气体流量呈负相关关系. 在该范围内,最高等离子体密度达到2.6×1019 m-3,等离子体通量达到8.8×1022 m-2?s-1,热负荷达到6.5×104 W/m2. 利用调控产生的等离子体对纯钨样品进行初步辐照实验,结果显示随着入射等离子体特性的不同,样品表面出现不同程度的尺寸和密度不均匀颗粒状辐照损伤结构,并且颗粒尺寸随氢等离子体离子通量的增加而增大. 本文结果显示SCU-PSI可以产生理想的氢等离子体环境,因此可以作为未来聚变领域,研究氢等离子体和托卡马克装置面向等离子体材料钨以及相应结构材料相互作用的有效实验装置.     

天然气掺氢配合废气再循环发动机的性能及排放研究

在一台火花点火天然气发动机上开展了不同掺氢比φ(H2)和废气再循环率φ下发动机性能和排放的实验研究.研究结果表明:引入废气再循环(EGR)会使发动机功率降低,但掺氢可以提高大φ值工况下的发动机功率.有效燃油消耗率随φ的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势,在φ为5%时达到最低,有效燃油消耗率随φ(H2)的增大而降低.天然气掺氢后NOx排放增加,引入EGR使NOx排放得到降低,此降低效果在大掺氢比情况下更为显著.在φ较大时,天然气掺氢具有较好的效果.HC和CO排放随φ的增大而增加,随φ(H2)的增大而降低.当φ为10%、φ(H2)为2O%时,发动机可获得较好的综合性能.     

HL—1M中氘放电过程中氢和氘的粒子密度之比

HL—1M氘放电过程中,利用多通道光谱分析仪Ⅳ(OMA4)系统测量了Hα(氢)和Dα(氘)的谱线强度之比进而得到氨和氘的粒子密度之比。测量结果表明：在HL—1M托卡马克氘放电开始阶段,氨氘比随时间迅速增大在电流平顶阶段,从总体上看,氢氘比随时间缓慢增大;多次放电以后,氢氘比没有明显减小或减小得非常缓慢。     

由4-氰基苄溴引发的苯乙烯电子活化再生原子转移自由基聚合

以4-氰基苄溴(CBB)为引发剂、Fe Cl3·6H2O/PPh3络合体系为催化剂、VC为还原剂实现了对苯乙烯(St)的电子活化再生原子转移自由基聚合(AGET ATRP)。研究表明,聚合过程中单体转化随反应时间增加而线性增长、数均分子量随单体转化率提高而线性增长、得到的聚合物分子量分布指数(PDI)在1.07~1.31之间。为进一步研究取代基团对聚合的影响,选用了4-甲基苄溴(MBB)为引发剂作了对比研究,所得聚合物的结构用核磁氢谱进行了验证。     

缸内直喷天然气/氢气混合燃料配合废气再循环的性能与排放

在一台天然气/氢气混合燃料的缸内直喷火花点火发动机上通过引入废气再循环(EGR)实验研究了EGR率、掺氢比及喷射时刻对发动机性能和排放的影响.结果表明:掺入氢气,在小EGR率时可以减小平均有效压力(BMEP)和有效热效率,在大EGR率时可以增加BMEP和有效热效率;BMEP随EGR率的增大而减小,有效热效率随EGR率的增大先减后增.NOx排放随EGR率的增大而下降,随掺氢比的增大而上升;HC排放随EGR的增大而上升,随掺氢比的增大而下降;CO排放与EGR率变化基本无关,随掺氢比的增大而上升.平均指示压力变动系数Cimep随EGR率的增加而增大,相比于早喷射,晚喷射时Cimep的增大趋势更为明显,此时掺氢可以有效降低Cimep.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.