多年割草对羊草草原群落生物量及羊草和洽草种群重要值的影响

羊草草原经过17年的割草，群落的地上和地下生物量及主要种群的重要均均受到了不同程度的影响，而羊草和落草种群的变化尤其明显，而不同频率割草的实验系列中，种群生物量和羊草种群的重要值随割草的频率的增加而降低，在不同时期割草的实验系列中，群落地下生物量随着割草时期的后移呈上升趋势，地上生物量和羊草种群重要值则是8月刈割受到影响较大，落草种群重要值的变化趋势与羊草基本相反。     

典型草原地区轮休与连年刈割的比较研究

研究了锡林郭勒草原白音锡勒地区割草场群落主要种群的数量特征，结果表明：１９８４年轮休割草场群落地上生物量为２４８．５９ｇ／ｍ２，其中禾草占５２．９１％，羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）占３０．１５％，连年刈割的割草场群落地上生物量为２１６．２８ｇ／ｍ２，禾草占５３．０４％，羊草占２９．７５％．１９８９年轮休割草场地上生物量为１８０．９０ｇ／ｍ２，禾草占５２．３２％，羊草占３３．０１％，连年刈割的割草场群落地上生物量为１７０．７４ｇ／ｍ２，禾草占５０．３７％，羊草占３２．１９％，群落丰富度、多样性指数１９８４年轮休的割草场为５６、２．７８１，连年刈割的割草场为４８、２．５５８．连年割草使群落结构向旱生化发展．     

多年割草对羊草草原群落生物量及羊草和■草种群重要值的影响

羊草草原经过 1 7年的割草 ,群落的地上和地下生物量及主要种群的重要值均受到了不同程度的影响 ,而羊草和 艹洽 草种群的变化尤其明显 .在不同频率割草的实验系列中 ,群落生物量和羊草种群的重要值随割草频率的增加而降低 .在不同时期割草的实验系列中 ,群落地下生物量随着割草时期的后移呈上升趋势 ,地上生物量和羊草种群重要值则是 8月份刈割受到影响较大 .艹洽 草种群重要值的变化趋势与羊草基本相反 .     

刈割对典型草原地带羊草(Leymus chinensis)的影响

经过１１年不同时期刈割和不同轮割研究结果表明：在羊草的抽穗期（６月２３日）、开花期（７月８日）、结实期（８月２日）、结实后期（８月１６日）和果后营养期（９月１２日）刈割,对羊草在群落地上生物量中所占的比例、羊草生物量、密度、高度均产生不同程度的影响,总的趋势是波动式地下降．随着刈割时间的后移,羊草生物量的分层结构呈现叶量上移,而茎量下移,对割草有利;它的Ｎ、Ｐ含量逐渐下降,在生长旺盛期Ｋ的含量增加,至后期下降．一年割两次（６月２３日和９月１２日）、一年割一次、割二年休一年、割一年休一年和对照（均为８月１６日）５个处理,羊草在群落生物量中所占的比例、羊草生物量、密度、高度均随刈割次数的增多而有不同程度下降,并有一定的相关关系．羊草生物量的分层结构,随刈割次数的增多而层次减少．羊草Ｎ、Ｐ的含量有随刈割次数增多而增加的趋势,Ｋ的含量有一定的波动．     

白音锡勒牧场地区天然割草地干、鲜地上生物量研究──Ⅱ不同轮割群落与种群干、鲜地上生物量的比值

在不同轮割处理中，群落干、鲜比值实有年平均值如下：一年割两次为０．４０７７±０．０４２８、一年割一次为０．３９４７±０．０５７２、割一年休一年为０．４２１９±０．０５４５、割二年休一年为０．４１５７±０．０６１３和对照为０．４７２８±０．０５３１．在同期刈割的处理中，其比值有随割草次数增加而减少的趋势．种群干、鲜比值的变化有各自的特点，一般在同期刈割处理中，随着割草次数增多而下降；一年割两次和对照较高；相互之间没有明显趋势．依割一年休一年排列的顺序中，Ｓｔｉｐａｇｒａｎｄｉｓ最高（０．５２９４±０．０３６６）、Ｏｒｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓｍａｌａｃｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｓ最低（０．１２５９±０．０５７１），其余种群介于两者之间．对群落和种群干、鲜比值的影响因素与前文类似．     

白音锡勒牧场地区天然割草地干,鲜地上生物量研究

在不同轮割处理中，群落干、鲜比值实有年平均值如下：一年割两次为０．４０７７±０．０４２８、一年割一次为０．３９４７±０．０５７２、割一年休一年为０．４２１９±０．０５４５、割二年休一年为０．４１５７±０．０６１３和对照为０．４７２８±０．０５３１，在同期刈割处理中，其比值有随割草次数增加而减少的趋势，种群干、鲜比值的变化有各自的特点，一般在同期刈割处理中，随着割草次数增多而下降；一年割两次和对照较     

羊草草原退化群落恢复演替的研究

本文根据１９８３～１９９１年获得的羊草草原退化恢复演替过程的野外调查资料，通过对种的重要值、群落的生态多样性和均匀指数的计算分析，研究了在退化草原恢复演替过程中植物群落组成及其群落学作用、种的饱和度、层片结构、生产能力以及群落综合特征的动态变化规律．结果表明，退化草原的恢复演替是一种中途演替过程．在封育恢复的过程中，主要表现出不同植物种群作用的交替变化方面．适应地带性气候条件的植物种类的群落学作用明显增强，构成恢复演替过程中的增强种组．而在过度放牧条件下形成的退化草原群落中占优势的植物种类，群落学作用逐年降低，构成恢复演替过程中的消退种组．另外，有些草原群落伴生植物，其作用在整个演替过程中变化不大，构成恒有稳定种组．在恢复演替过程中．组成群落的层片作用也表现出明显的交替变化规律，在围封后的前４～５年，冷蒿等组成的半灌木层片是群落的优势层片，其后，由羊草组成的根茎禾草层片和由大针茅等组成的丛生禾草层片逐步取代了半灌木层片的作用而成为群落的优势层片．此外，在整个演替过程中，植物种的饱和度有逐年下降的趋势，而群落多样性和均匀性指数基本上保持稳定，草群高度和群落地上生物量则表现出逐年增加的趋势．     

刈割对典型草原地带羊草的影响

经过１１年不同时期刈割和不同轮割研究结果表明,在羊草的抽穗期（６月２３日）、开花期（７月８日）、结实期（８月２日）、结实后期（８月１６日）和果后营养期（９月１２日）刈割,对羊草在群落地上生物量中所占的比例,羊草生物量、密度、高度均产生不同程度的影响,总有趋势是波动式地下降。随着刈割时间的后移,羊草生物量的分层结构呈现叶量上移,而茎量下移,对割草有利,它的Ｎ、Ｐ含量逐渐下降,在生长旺盛期Ｋ的含量增加     

不同轮割制度对内蒙古大针茅草原群落组成的影响

野外试验设计结合室内分析,探讨了以大针茅(Stipa grandis)为建群种的锡林郭勒典型草原区不同轮割制度对割草场产量、物种组成、群落结构及营养状态的影响.一年割2次的利用方式在短期内生物量收获较大,但这种状态较难持续;完全围封不利用也不利于草场恢复;一年割1次的适度刈割制度在当地较为合理,但是连年刈割会导致草场营养贫瘠,植物补偿现象减弱.越高频刈割对大针茅和羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群的影响越严重,产量明显减少,重要值下降,而糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)种群则相反;随刈割频度的增高根茎禾草在群落中的相对生物量上升,丛生禾草下降,二者明显互补.刈割对土壤和植物的N素质量分数影响最明显,连续刈割3年的土壤有效N质量分数较对照区降低18.62%,且达到显著水平,有效p,K质量分数也分别下降8.79%和1.93%.     

火因子对羊草(Leymuschinensis)群落物种多样性影响的初步研究

在羊草群落中，未经火烧的部分具有较高的物种多样性，平均每平方米中有１６～２０种植物，占整个群落组成（３８～４７种）的４２％左右．同时，生物量、个体数量和群落学作用在各个物种间的分配也都达到了一种相对和谐的水平，反映出天然羊草群落具有较高的均匀度．由于火生态因子对草原生态系统的各个组成成分都具有一定的影响，打破了原有的平衡状态，致使群落的物种多样性、丰富度和均匀度发生一定的变化．一次火烧以后，在短时期内，通常会降低草原群落的多样性及均匀性水平，一般需要６年以上的时间才能达到正常状态．但在连年重复火烧的群落地段上，群落具有较高的物种多样性和均匀性．上述观测结果与火生态因子对羊草群落不同生活型的植物的影响和群落火烧演替规律是密切相关的．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.