热解及燃烧过程中燃料氮的N2转化特性

利用气相色谱设备实验研究了国内4种煤在热解及燃烧过程中煤中燃料氮向N2的转化特性.研究结果表明:在煤的热解过程中,燃料氮能够转化为N2,煤种不同,N2的转化率也不同;神木煤氮的N2转化率最高,焦作煤最低;随热解温度的升高,燃料氮的N2转化率升高;在煤燃烧过程中,燃料氮同样能够转化为对环境无害的N2,转化率同样与温度有关且随着温度的升高而增加,但当燃烧温度达到1 100℃时,除神木煤外,其他煤中燃料氮的N2转化率均有明显下降;无论是热解还是燃烧,所研究煤中的矿物质均能够促进燃料氮向N2的转化;无论脱灰与否,低温燃烧时燃料氮的N2转化率远比低温热解时高,但在1 100℃下的热解与燃烧时,N2转化率与煤种有关.     

煤燃烧过程中吡啶型氮迁徙规律的实验研究

为了解煤燃烧过程中NOx的生成机理,选用纯净杂环化合物吡啶作为煤中氮元素有机形态的模型化合物,对其热解及氧化规律进行实验研究.红外光谱仪分析结果表明:吡啶杂环在750℃时开始裂解;在850℃时腈类物质生成量最大;高温下含氮产物几乎全部以HCN的形式存在;N2O主要由腈类物质转化而成;从氧气的摩尔比等于6 0开始,随着氧气量的增加,N2O的生成量急剧增加.在缺氧状态下,高浓度CO造成的还原气氛使NOx生成受到很大程度的抑制.当温度高于850℃时,N2O向NO、NO2转化,当温度大于1000℃时,N2O全部转变为NO、NO2.NO、NO2主要由HCN裂解转化而成.     

煤热解过程中汞析出与汞吸附特性研究

采用煤热解释放出汞,并对热解气体进行汞吸附脱除的燃烧前脱汞的技术路线.在程序升温管式炉系统中,实验研究了大同煤和宝日希勒煤,在N2气氛下热解过程中汞析出和汞吸附的特性.热解结果表明:温度是影响煤热解过程中汞释放的主要因素.随热解温度升高,汞释放率急剧上升,在600℃时两种煤中汞释放率达90%以上;被释放的汞蒸气中以元素汞为主.随停留时间的延长和加热速率的升高,煤中汞释放率显著增加;汞析出仍以元素汞为主.考察了四种吸附剂活性炭、飞灰、Ca(OH)2和5%KMnO4改性Ca(OH)2,对大同煤热解气体中汞的吸附特性.结果表明:随热解温度的升高,四种吸附荆的单位汞吸附量均增大;其中活性炭具有较强的汞吸附能力,吸附率达92%以上;飞灰和另外两种钙基吸附剂的汞吸附率在73%～85%之间变化.     

赤铁矿对2种低阶煤热解特性影响

为研究赤铁矿对新疆哈密(HMR)和陕西子长(ZCR)2种低阶煤热解特性影响,在热重分析仪和固定床实验基础上,采用气相色谱仪对热解气相产物组成分析。实验结果表明:外加赤铁矿使HMR和ZCR失重率增大,600℃时,添加20%赤铁矿的HMR和ZCR热解失重率分别增加3.84%和3.23%;当固定床热解温度为600℃时,HMR和ZCR热解焦油产率达到最大,分别为8.91%和10.23%.当赤铁矿添加量为20%时,HMR和ZCR热解转化率分别提高1.97%,0.49%.随着赤铁矿添加量的增加,HMR和ZCR热解气相产物中H2,CH4,CO和CO2产率明显提高,当赤铁矿添加量为25%时,CH4产率分别提高12.56和6.78 m L/g;赤铁矿与煤内在矿物质脱除均对HMR和ZCR热解活化能降低起到促进作用,对活化能的降低顺序为HMR内在矿物质ZCR内在矿物质赤铁矿。     

污泥热解和气化过程中NO_x前驱物的释放特性

利用固定床反应器对3种取自广州和武汉城市污水处理厂的污泥(GZ,LWZ和NTZH)进行了系统的热解和气化试验,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)在线检测热解气体产物中的含氮组分,分析各种气相含N组分的释放规律.实验结果表明:GZ,LWZ和NTZH污泥热解释放大部分NO,NH3和HCN的温度范围分别为320～600,200～700和300～800℃;LWZ污泥热解过程中生成的NH3,HCN和NO量最多;Ar和O2混合气(O2体积分数为4%)气氛下气化时,GZ,LWZ和NTZH污泥NO开始快速生成的温度比热解时分别提高约200,400和250℃,NO的生成量分别为热解时的4.30,2.34和3.93倍;NH3开始快速生成的温度与热解时基本相同,NH3的生成量分别为热解时的67%,1.37倍和95%;HCN生成完成时的温度比热解时分别低约400,100和200℃,HCN的生成量分别为热解时的1.10倍,1.21倍和95%.     

石油焦燃烧过程中影响多环芳烃生成的因素分析

利用管式炉层燃方式研究了燃烧温度、气氛等不同条件对高硫石油焦燃烧过程中多环芳烃(PAHs)生成及其分布的影响,探讨了石油焦特性对生成PAHs种类的影响。研究结果表明,石油焦在空气中燃烧PAHs的生成总量随着实验温度(600～900℃)的升高先增加后降低,在700℃时达到最大值。石油焦在氮气中热解时,PAHs生成规律也是随温度升高先增加后降低,在800℃时达到最大释放值。不同反应温度和气氛下释放的PAHs均以低环芳烃为主。相同燃烧条件下,随着石油焦挥发分质量分数的增加,PAHs生成量总体呈现增加趋势;石油焦中硫元素质量分数的增加会使PAHs生成量减少;随着石油焦中碳元素质量分数的增加,PAHs生成量呈现先降低再增加的变化趋势。     

煤加压低温热解制取焦油和煤气特性

为了提高煤在分级转化中的高效洁净利用,建立了煤加压热解实验系统.以陕西黑龙沟煤为对象,研究了不同温度(500~700℃)、压力(0.1~0.5 MPa)、气氛(N2与煤气)、粒径(0~3mm与0~6 mm)对低温热解焦油、煤气产率和品质的影响规律.结果表明,随着温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,在温度为600℃时达到最高,煤气产率逐渐增加.随着压力的增加,焦油产率在N2气氛下降低,煤气气氛下升高;而热解煤气产率在N2气氛下升高,煤气气氛下降低;大颗粒煤热解焦油产率高于小颗粒煤的热解产率,但当压力达到0.5 MPa时,热解焦油与煤气产率几乎不受粒径影响.升高压力虽降低了热解煤气中CO与H2的含量,但促进更多轻质碳氢化合物(如CO2,CH4,C2H4,C2H6)的析出,因此提高了热解煤气热值,同时煤焦油品质也因焦油中苯、甲苯、苯酚及萘的实际收率增加而提高.     

城市污水污泥热解实验及产物特性

采用外热式固定床热解装置，在250～700℃温度范围内对污水污泥进行了常压热解实验．研究了不同热解终温时固、液、气产物的燃料特性．结果表明，随着热解温度的提高，固体产物挥发分减少，固定碳和灰分增加，在250～450℃挥发分随热解温度变化较快，450～700℃时变化趋缓；固体产物热值在低温段较高，350℃时达到32475．6lkJ／kg，而后随热解温度的升高而降低．通过对热解油状产物性能评价，除N、S含量超标外，其他性能都可满足燃料油的要求（SH0536-95）．根据气相色谱的分析结果，温度在250～450℃时，热解气主要为CO2；在450～700℃时，气体中H2、CH4和CO等可燃气体含量逐渐增加，600℃时气体的热值最高，达到15530kJ／m^3．实际应用中在450～600℃下热解为宜．     

气氛对煤热解过程中气相产物释放的影响

利用固定床热解装置对西部弱还原性宁夏灵武煤(LW煤)及对比煤样山西平朔煤(PS煤)进行研究,考察了以N2、N2(80%)/CO2(20%)以及N2(98%)/O2(2%)(体积分数)为热解气氛时,热解气相产物的生成规律。实验结果表明,相同气氛下,LW煤受热分解生成的H2、CO和CO2的累积产率均比PS煤高,而CH4的累积产率比PS煤低。相对于N2气氛,在200~600℃范围内,CO2气氛中LW煤的H2累积产率降低,CH4的累积产率增加,PS煤CH4的累积产率显著下降;O2气氛降低了两种煤的初始热解温度,改变了气相产物的组成,从而使气相产物累积产率均大幅度增加。气氛对煤热解活性的影响与其还原程度有关,CO2对PS煤的影响作用明显,对LW煤的影响较小;而O2对弱还原性LW煤具有更强的影响作用。为我国西部弱还原性煤炭资源的综合利用提供基础理论依据。     

中低温热解对褐煤脱硫率及半焦中硫含量的影响

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟褐煤为原料,借助于煤热解制备出民用洁净低硫褐煤半焦,考察了热解温度、升温速率、恒温时间及煤粒粒径等工艺条件对所制备的褐煤半焦中总硫、有机硫及无机硫含量的影响。实验结果表明:在500～800℃热解温度范围内,褐煤半焦中总硫含量随着热解温度的增加呈现先减小后增加的趋势,热解温度为700℃时褐煤半焦中总硫质量分数达到最低值(0.98%);热解升温速率越慢,越有利于褐煤中硫的释放,升温速率为10℃/min时褐煤中硫释放程度最大(脱硫率为67%);热解恒温时间过短或过长都会影响煤中硫的脱除,最佳热解恒温时间为60 min;随着煤粒粒径的增大,热解过程中传质阻力增加,不利于煤中硫的脱除,粒径≤0.2 mm时褐煤半焦中硫含量最低。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.