富水区深埋巷道围岩微裂纹裂尖塑性区研究

利用断裂力学原理,考虑到水压力对微裂纹尖端应力场的实际影响,对巷道围岩单节理微裂纹的Ⅰ、Ⅱ型及其复合型裂纹应力强度因子进行了探讨.然后,采用双剪统一强度理论,研究了富水区巷道围岩微裂纹扩展角及裂纹尖端塑性区范围,并给出了包含反映岩石拉压性能差异的参数α、反映中间主应力效应的参数b及水压力的巷道围岩微裂纹裂尖塑性区统一解.     

深部开采巷道软弱围岩塑性区和剪裂区研究

考虑开挖二次应力场对圆形巷道软弱围岩的实际影响,基于双剪统一强度理论及力学原理,探讨了深部圆形巷道围岩塑性区应力及范围.考虑矿体回采爆破振动,对巷道软弱围岩弹性区域内产生的剪裂区应力进行了研究.最后,利用莫尔-库伦强度理论,推导了深部矿体回采爆破时巷道软弱围岩剪裂区范围,并对它进行了分析.     

轴对称荷载作用下圆形隧道围岩变形解析

根据隧道开挖后围岩中三向应力状态的渐变规律,分析了围岩的变形特性,对隧道围岩进行了合理分区.基于双剪统一强度理论中针对岩土材料提出的双剪三参数准则,推导了轴对称荷载下圆形隧道围岩中塑性区应力场、应变场、支护力和塑性区半径的解析解.经实例分析表明,所选强度理论符合岩体材料自身特殊的强度特性,考虑了中间主应力的影响,分析结果贴近围岩的真实状态.     

不同地应力条件下巷道开挖的弹塑性分析

针对不同地应力条件下地下巷道工程开挖过程中围岩的弹塑性应力问题,利用有限元方法进行数值仿真研究.对于弹塑性地下岩体,研究初始应力场分别为只考虑重力应力场或考虑重力与构造应力场两种情况下,巷道开挖后其表面应力的变化规律.数值结果表明,对埋深较大的巷道,构造应力场是引起巷道顶底板变形的主要因素.此外研究侧压力系数对巷道围岩塑性区域的影响,发现侧压力系数小于1,塑性区主要出现在巷道两帮,且系数越小围岩塑性区范围越大.     

压裂泵泵头体相贯线裂尖应力场及应力强度因子研究*

压裂泵泵头体作为油气压裂工艺的中的关键装备,直接决定了压裂技术的成败,影响油气开采效率和经济效益。针对现有泵头体相贯线处的疲劳开裂失效现状,建立了泵头体有限元分析模型和不同初始长度的圆形裂纹断裂模型,通过分析裂尖应力场和应力强度因子的分布规律。结果表明:内压作用下,泵头体整体仍处于弹性区,只有裂纹面前方两侧的45°~70°区域进入塑性区。相贯线处的裂纹类型虽然为Ⅰ-Ⅱ-Ⅲ复合裂纹,但是仍然是I型裂纹主导,裂纹的起始位置位于两个内腔表面。不同裂纹长度,其应力强度因子分布规律基本一致;但是初始裂纹越长,裂纹越容易发生扩展。裂尖附近区域应力分布是影响裂纹起裂的关键因素,但泵头体两个相贯内腔半径也会影响裂纹起裂。通过分析泵头体裂尖应力场和应力强度因子,可以更好了解泵头体疲劳开裂原因和裂纹起裂位置,为泵头体的工程应用提供理论依据。     

热辐射应力图像分析确定应力强度因子K_I 和裂纹尖端塑性区

本文借助于热辐射应力图像分析技术对裂纹尖端附近的应力场进行分析测定。记录了铝质紧凑拉伸试件的热辐射应力图像,给出裂纹尖端前沿的温度变化曲线。根据热弹效应和线弹性断裂力学理论,通过解析建立用热辐射应力图像分析技术确定Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子的基本方程。在此基础上,用热辐射应力图像分析技术实验确定Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子和裂尖塑性区。     

T应力对扩展裂纹尖端塑性区域形状的影响

根据Williams级数解,裂纹尖端应力场由Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型应力强度因子及T应力共同控制。将裂纹尖端应力分量代入Von Mises屈服准则,建立裂纹尖端塑性扩展区模型。基于该模型获得了在不同Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合比断裂情况下裂纹尖端塑性扩展区形状随T应力的变化规律,并对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型断裂在复合型裂纹断裂所占的比例、T应力大小及泊松比对塑性区域形状的影响进行了讨论。研究结果表明:正的T应力引起裂纹断裂角θ_0减小,加剧裂纹扩展;负的T应力导致裂纹断裂角θ_0增大,并抑制裂纹扩展;T应力为0或纯Ⅰ型裂纹尖端塑性区存在对称轴,存在T应力后,塑性区域呈不对称分布,T应力绝对值越大,塑性区域面积越大,T应力对裂纹尖端塑性区形状及尺寸大小均有很大影响。此外,不同Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹,塑性区域面积均随泊松比的增大而减小。塑性区变化的观测结果对进一步分析加载条件下Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹工程结构缺陷的疲劳和断裂具有重要意义。     

断裂过程区折线应力分布模型

在分析了线弹性材料裂纹前缘应力场与混凝土材料裂纹尖端应力场之间关系的基础上，提出描述混凝土裂纹前缘微裂区应力卸载曲线的折线应力分布模型，并据此导出描述上述两应力场之间联系的场关系方程．这一模型为寻求混凝土裂尖应力场、位移场的解析解奠定了基础．     

有限平面应变Ⅱ型裂纹尖端幂律塑性应力场全解

针对幂律材料、有限平面应变紧凑拉伸剪切(Compact Tension and Shear, CTS)试样,基于能量密度等效方法可得到CTS试样能量密度中值点的代表性体积单元(Representative Volume Element, RVE)的等效应力解析解,以该应力解作为特征应力因子,采用表征CTS试样Ⅱ型裂纹尖端应力场的三角特殊函数,提出了描述有限平面应变幂律塑性Ⅱ型裂纹尖端应力场的半解析模型以及用于描述Ⅱ型裂纹尖端扇贝轮廓式等应力线的理论解.本文Ⅱ型裂纹裂尖场模型对平面应变CTS试样裂尖应力场的预测结果与有限元分析结果密切吻合, Ⅱ型裂纹裂尖幂律塑性应力场模型完善了弹塑性断裂力学,并对剪切型断裂安全评价有重要工程意义.     

具有衬砌的圆形水工隧洞弹塑性应力统一解

针对具有衬砌的圆形水工隧洞,假定衬砌与围岩位移连续,考虑不同工况下主应力顺序、岩石应变软化和中间主应力等综合影响,采用统一强度理论和弹脆塑性软化模型,推导衬砌和围岩弹塑性应力统一解.选取不同的统一强度理论参数,可得到一系列应力场公式及塑性区半径与内压力的关系.通过工程算例分析知,考虑第一主应力的变化是正确的,更符合工程实际,并得出统一强度理论参数、软化特性参数对衬砌和围岩切向应力的影响规律.研究结果表明,统一强度理论参数和软化特性参数对衬砌与围岩塑性区切向应力的影响显著.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.