Comparison of effective parameters for copper powder production via electrorefining and electrowinning cells and improvement using DOE methods

The influences of cupric ion concentration (5-35 g/L),current density (500-2000 A/m2),circulation rate of the electrolyte solution (15-120 mL/min),and temperature (25-60℃) on the physical and chemical properties of copper powders obtained in electrolysis cells were investigated.Two industrial processes,electrorefining (ER) cells with a synthetic electrolyte and electrowinning (EW) cells with an original solution of coppermineral leaching,were utilized to produce copper powders.Finally,the statistical full factorial method of design of experiments (DOE) was employed to investigate the interaction or the main effects of processes.The results show that increasing the copper concentration and temperature can increase the grain size,apparent density,and electrical energy consumption.On the other hand,increasing the current density and circulation rate of the electrolyte can decrease them.This production process is optimized via DOE to control the interactive and main effects to produce copper powders with favorable properties.     

Influence of pH,immersion time,and benzotriazole concentration on copper corrosion in citric acid based slurries

Copper corrosion in citric acid based slurries with or without benzotriazole (BTA) was investigated as a function of the slurry pH,immersion time and BTA concentration by static etching and electrochemical experiments.The chemical composition of the corroded surface was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The static etching rate of copper in a H2O2 +citric acid+BTA slurry was lower than that in a H2O2 +citric acid slurry at pH 4.4-8.When the pH of the slurry was >8 or <4.4,the results were reversed and the static etching rate of copper increased when BTA was added to the H2O2 +citric acid slurry.The inhibitory effect of BTA in the H2O2 +citric acid slurry at pH 6 increased with the increasing immersion time of the copper.The corrosion current density of copper gradually decreased with increasing BTA concentration in slurry.     

钛金属表面微弧氧化电击穿行为的研究

本文研究了钛金属在不同电解质溶液中微弧氧化时,电极的表面电击穿行为。通过分析数据,研究得到了微弧氧化时电极表面的电压和击穿电压与时间,溶液浓度及施加电流密度的关系。主要研究结果是微弧氧化过程中电极电压随时间的呈现不规则的锯齿型变化;在两种电解质溶液中,电压曲线的位置随着溶液浓度的增加不断下降。陶瓷膜表面的击穿电压随着电解质溶液浓度的增加呈指数规律衰减,其代数关系式为VB=aExp(-C)+b（其中VB是击穿电压,C是电解质浓度,a与b是电解质成分和金属类别相关的常数）;在电解质溶液浓度一定时,击穿电压与微弧氧化时施加的电流密度值大小没有明显关系。     

Li/LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> battery performance with a guanidinium-based ionic liquid as the electrolyte

A new guanidinium-based ionic liquid (IL) was investigated as a novel electrolyte for a lithium rechargeable battery. The viscosity, conductivity, lithium redox behavior, and charge-discharge characteristics of the lithium rechargeable batteries were investigated for the IL electrolyte with 0.3 mol kg⁻¹ lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt. Li/LiFePO₄ cells incorporating the IL electrolyte without additives showed good cycle properties at a charge-discharge current rate of 0.1 C, and exhibited good rate capabilities in the presence of a mass fraction of 10% vinylene carbonate or gamma-butyrolactone.     

钛合金微弧氧化工艺参数与陶瓷膜〖KH*2〗数学模型的建立及实验研究

 建立钙磷电解液体系下微弧氧化工艺参数与陶瓷膜特性相关的数学模型,微弧氧化工艺参数（电源电压U_m、电流密度J、占空比η、溶液电导率、阳极氧化膜气体介电常数等）与陶瓷膜表面形貌、厚度、电流响应有一定关系.在钙磷电解液体系下,通过实验考察电解液强电解质NaOH浓度对陶瓷膜特性的影响,测试电压模式下电流响应曲线.实验表明:电压模型下,陶瓷膜在40s左右成膜;膜表面形貌受NaOH浓度影响较大;低浓度下模型模拟电流响应曲线与实验结果吻合性较好,可为钙磷电解液体系下确定适宜的NaOH浓度提供参考依据.     

A study on nano-sized NiO electrodes doping with C and Co prepared by electrochemical deposition-sintering processes and their capacitance performance

In the present work, it was studied that nanoosized NiO electrodes doping with C and Co were prepared by electrochemical deposition in an ethanol solution containing nickel nitrate and cobalt nitrate and sintering processes. The capacitance performance of such electrodes was also studied. The results reveal that samples obtained by electrochemical deposition first on a porous nickel cathode in an ethanol solution contain 0.5 mol/L nitrates, in which Ni(NO3)2 and Co(NO3)2 were mixed in a molar proportion of 8 : 2. After sintering at 300℃ for 2 h, they exhibited the best performance. XRD analysis illustrates that the essential phase of the product is NiO doping with certain content of C and Co. The particles of product imaged a spherical morphology with sizes of 20---30 nm in diameter, and with an average crystal size of 4--5 nm. The capacitance measurement of the simulating C/NiO capacitors indicates that a single electrode can reach as high as 410.0 F/g, and still maintain the value of 323 F/g after 30 recycles showed as a stabilized value with increasing recycles, when it was discharged at a current of 5 mA.     

浅谈电解液对阴极铜质量的影响

针对某厂高镍、氧含量的阳极电解生产过程中出现的阳极易钝化、槽电压高、阴极铜表面结晶质量差等系列问题,探讨分析原因,认为是电解液的成分及其相关的物理参数直接影响阴极铜的表面质量,并提出几点生产工艺调整建议：适当降低硫酸浓度、铜离子浓度和电流密度;提高进液温度、改进进液方式,并加大电解液净化量;在火法精炼氧化还原操作时,氧的质量分数控制在0.1%以下.实践表明,按照建议调整工艺参数后,工艺指标正常,阴极铜质量达标.     

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the electronic and ionic transport properties of LiCoO2 cathode

The storage behavior and process of the first delithiation-lithiation of LiCoO2 cathode were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS). The electronic and ionic transport properties of LiCoO2 cathode along with variation of electrode potential were obtained in 1 mol·L?1 LiPF6-EC:DMC:DEC electrolyte solution. It was found that after 9 h storage of the LiCoO2 cathode in electrolyte solu-tions,a new arc appears in the medium frequency range in Nyquist plots of EIS,which increases with increasing the storage time. In the charge/discharge processes,the diameter of the new arc is reversi-bly changed with electrode potential. Such variation coincides well with the electrode potential de-pendence of electronic conductivity of the LiCoO2. Thus this new EIS feature is attributed to the change of electronic conductivity of LixCoO2 during storage of the LiCoO2 cathode in electrolyte solutions,as well as in processes of intercalation-deintercalationtion of lithium ions. It has been revealed that the reversible increase and decrease of the resistance of SEI film in charge-discharge processes can be also ascribed to the variation of electronic conductance of active materials of the LiCoO2 cathode.     

Effect of Nano red elemental selenium on GPx activity of broiler chick kidney cells<Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>

A new selenium source, Nano red elemental selenium (Nano-Se) was used to study the effect on the GPx activity of broiler chick kidney cells (BCKC)in vitro, Sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) and seleno-1-methionine (Se-Met) were used as the controls. The results showed that the effects of three kinds of Se forms on the GPx activity of BCKC were accordant (p>0.05) compared with each other at 0.01. 0.05 and 0.10 μmol/L Se concentrations treatments. In the range of 0.00–0.10 μmol/L Se concentrations, the GPx activity increased with elevation of Se concentrations in medium. For the three kinds of Se forms, the GPx activity reached the climax at 0.10 μmol/L Se concentration. At 0.20 and 0.30 μmol/L Se concentrations, the influnces of three kinds of Se forms were not accordant with one another. For Nano-Se, the GPx activity at 0.20 and 0.30 μmoi/L Se concentrations remained the same as that at 0.10 μmol/L Se concentration treatment. For Se-Met, the GPx activity at 0.20 μmol/L Se concentration treatment remained the same with 0.10 μmol/L treatment; the GPx activity at 0.30 μmol/L Se concentration treatment was declined significantly (p<0.05) compared with 0.10 or 0.20 μmol/L treatment. For Na₂SeO₃, the GPx activity falled gradually with Se concentration increasing from 0.10 μmol/L to 0.30 μmol/L, and at 0.30 μmol/L Se concentration treatment, the GPx activity was less than the original of BCKC. The results implicated, on the GPx activity of BCKCin vitro, the ranking of width range of the most suitable Se concentration for nutrition curve of the three Se formes is Nano-Se>Se-Met>Na₂SeO₃. Foundation item: Supported by the Key Item of the Science and Technology Bureau of Zhejiang Province (021122680) Biography: Xu Bao-hua (1966-), male, Associate professor, Ph. D. research direction: nanobiology and animal nutrition.     

硫化氢质量浓度和温度对碳钢在NACE溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱等电化学实验方法以及扫描电镜和能谱等表面分析技术对20#碳钢在不同H2S质量浓度(0,95.61,103.22,224.16 mg.L-1)、不同温度(25,35,45℃)下的NACE溶液(含CO2)中腐蚀行为进行了研究,同时对该环境下腐蚀产物的形成机制进行了探讨.发现在含有CO2的NACE溶液中,加入少量H2S,能加剧碳钢腐蚀,加速阳极铁的溶解和阴极氢气的析出.随着H2S质量浓度的增加,腐蚀电流密度增大,碳钢腐蚀加剧.温度升高,腐蚀极化电阻变小,腐蚀也会加剧.腐蚀试样外层絮状腐蚀产物主要是铁碳化物,接近基体表面的腐蚀产物主要是铁硫化物.     

硫酸铜酸性镀铜法制备铜-康铜热电堆的最佳实验条件研究

热电堆是一种常见的热流传感器,热电堆的电镀效果直接影响其性能。基于硫酸铜酸性镀铜基本原理,通过在康铜基体上电镀铜的方式制备热电堆。研究了电镀时间、硫酸铜浓度、硫酸浓度、溶液温度、电流密度对热电堆输出热电势的影响。结果表明,最佳电镀条件为:电镀时间20 min,硫酸铜浓度250 g/L,硫酸浓度60 g/L,镀液温度36℃,电流密度10 A/dm2。在此条件下制备的铜-康铜热电堆输出热电势最高。     

Separation and analysis of the soluble trimer of Aβ1-40 and its effects on the rise in intracellular calcium

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the progressive neurodegenerative diseases associated with protein conformational transition, generally known as protein conformational disorders[1]. The general characteriza- tions of AD are the intracellular fibrillar…     

Observational study of the circulation in the southern South China Sea

CTD data from two oceanographic survey cruises, conducted by “Shiyan No. 3” R/V during two reversing monsoons, were employed to calculate and analyze the distributions of temperature, salinity and geopotential anomaly in the southern South China Sea (SSCS). Based on these distributions, the horizontal structures of the SSCS circulation are described systematically. Study results show that the SSCS circulation structure could be classified as a two-layer (the upper and the lower) pattern, and that the main circulation in the upper layer (0–400 m) is driven by the South China Sea monsoons and is opposite in direction to the reversal of the monsoons. The distributions of principal current systems and their features are presented. Two important local phenomena, local eddy and oceanic front, were observed.     

Fabrication of porous alumina templates with a large-scale tunable interpore distance in a H<Subscript>2</Subscript>C<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>-C<Subscript>2</Subscript>H<Subscript>5</Subscript>OH-H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O solution

Highly ordered porous alumina templates with a large-scale tunable interpore distance （100-445 nm） have been successfully fabricated under an electric field of 40-180 V by modifying oxalic acid solution with adequate alcohol. The results under our experimental conditions show that the phenomena of burning and breakdown during the high-field anodization process can be avoided by adding a proper amount of alcohol to the oxalic acid solution. An excellent linear relationship between interpore distance and anodization voltage is obtained under 40-170 V, and the maximum anodization voltage that could be used to avoid burning and breakdown is 180 V.     

Preparation and upconversion luminescence of YVO<Subscript>4</Subscript>:Er<Subscript>3+</Subscript>, Yb<Subscript>3+</Subscript>

YVO₄:Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ with varying Yb³⁺ concentrations were prepared by a precipitation method. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that all the samples have a tetragonal zircon structure; the calculated average crystallite sizes are in the range of 14–22 nm. The lattice constants and cell volume of the samples decrease slightly with the increase in Yb³⁺ concentration. The upconversion luminescence spectra of all the samples were studied under 980 nm laser excitation. The strong green emission is observed, which is attributed to the ²H_11/2 → ⁴I_15/2 and ⁴S_3/2→⁴I_15/2 transitions of Er³⁺, and the red emission peaks in 650–675 nm can be ignored. The emission intensity for the sample depends on the Yb³⁺ concentration. These results reveal that the upconversion processes of YVO₄:Er³⁺, Yb³⁺ are related to the structure and the doping Yb³⁺ concentration of the sample.     

Electrochemical properties of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1.3</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript>/Li<Subscript>4</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>5</Subscript>O<Subscript>12</Subscript> cells

Spinel compounds LiNi_0.5Mn_1.3Ti_0.2O₄ (LNMTO) and Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) were synthesized by different methods. The particle sizes of LNMTO and LTO are 0.5–2 and 0.5–0.8 μm, respectively. The LNMTO/LTO cell exhibits better electrochemical properties at both a low current rate of 0.2C and a high current rate of 1C. When the specific capacity was determined based on the mass of the LNMTO cathode, the LNMTO/LTO cell delivered 137 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 0.2C and 118.2 mA·h·g⁻¹ at 1C, and the corresponding capacity retentions after 30 cycles are 88.5% and 92.4%, respectively.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In-situ</Emphasis> trace element analyses of zircons from Dabieshan Huangzhen eclogite: Trace element characteristics of eclogite-facies metamorphic zircon

The internal structures of zircons in eclogite from Huangzhen have been studied by cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy. Two growth stages were distinguished: protolith magmatic cores and metamorphic overgrowth rims. These different domains were analyzed for trace elements using LAM-ICP-MS. The protolith and the overgrowth zircons have different trace elements characteristics. The trace element contents of protolith zircons are high and very variable. The overgrowth zircons show a typical trace element feature of equilibrium with garnet, e.g. low contents of HREE (132.2–197.6 μg/g) and small differential degree of HREE ((Yb/Gd)_CN=8.6–11.9). The contents of Nb, Ta and the ratio of Nb/Ta are lower in the metamorphic domains (0.5–1.4 μg/g, 0.7–1.5 μg/g, 0.3–1.3, respectively) than in the protolith domains (3.8–19.7 μg/g, 2.7–12.1 μg/g, 1.0–4.6, respectively). This is the first time to give the evidence that the metamorphic zircon equilibrates with the rutile, which formed during the peak metamorphic stage. The REEs and other trace elements data demonstrate that the metamorphic zircons overgrow in the eclogite-facies conditions. The trace element composition of zircon can therefore give new ways to constrain their formation conditions.     

双脉冲电位法制备铜镍层状结构材料

采用旋转圆盘电极，用双脉冲电位法从简单的镀液中电沉积Ｃｕ－Ｎｉ层状材料，研究了镀液中铜含量、添加剂、转速对镀层的组成和结构的影响，并用扫描电镀和Ｘ－射线衍射研究了镀层的形貌和组成。     

氧化锌-聚丙烯酰胺复合水凝胶的循环伏安特性

运用溶液聚合法和沉淀法制备出氧化锌-聚丙烯酰胺复合水凝胶。对复合水凝胶进行X射线衍射分析,红外光谱分析,从而确定复合水凝胶中的成分为氧化锌和聚丙烯酰胺;通过研究复合水凝胶修饰玻碳电极的电化学行为,发现修饰电极对于氯化亚铁电解液具有较好的循环伏安响应;测试不同浓度氯化亚铁的循环伏安曲线,发现随着溶液浓度的增加,修饰电极对于氯化亚铁电解液的电化学响应加强;测试不同扫描速率下的循环伏安曲线,发现随着扫描速率的增加,还原峰电流与氧化峰电流都在增大,而且氧化峰与还原峰之间电位差增大;修饰电极对于其他不同的电解液进行测试,获得不同的循环伏安曲线。     

掺硼金刚石薄膜电极降解亚甲基蓝废水

采用掺硼金刚石薄膜电极组处理模拟亚甲基蓝染料废水,考察了掺硼金刚石薄膜的成膜质量和亚甲基蓝初始浓度、溶液pH、电解质投加量、电流密度等工艺条件对去除的影响,并进行了反应动力学模拟。结果表明,亚甲基蓝去除速率常数、去除率和溶液COD去除率随pH的升高、电解质的增多和电流密度的增大而增大。初始pH由4上升至10,亚甲基蓝去除速率常数由0.001 4 s^-1增至0.003 3 s^-1,去除率由53.9%增至85.8%。电解质投加量由1 g增至4 g,去除速率常数由0.001 7 s^-1增至0.005 1 s^-1,去除率由61.0%增至94.2%。电流密度由18.75 mA/cm²增大为75.00 mA/cm²,去除速率常数由0.000 3 s^-1增至0.003 8 s^-1,去除率由18.1%增至92%。亚甲基蓝初始浓度对去除率的影响较小。电解质投加不足及电流密度过大时,均造成溶液温度有较大上升,过剩的电能转化为溶液的热能。