由转速对汽油机点火提前角进行自适应控制的研究

研究了利用检测汽油机转速单一参数来进行汽油机点火提前角自适应控制的方法。从实用角度出发，在保留原汽油机分电器的基础上，将微机自适应控制和原发动机分电器开环控制结合起来进行联合控制。当汽油机处于稳定转速和缓变速时，由微机进行自适应控制；发动机运行在急变速工况时，则由分电器单独控制。这样既能保证点火系统可靠工作，又改善了原汽油机的动力性和经济性，具有实用价值。     

抑制发动机反转方法的研究及对应点火控制装置的设计

该文对抑制发动机反转方法进行深入研究,研究出一种在小型汽油机启动过程中抑制发动机反转的方法,并在研究过程中设计了一种可以在小型汽油机启动过程中抑制发动机反转的点火控制装置,该点火控制装置还能够根据发动机的转速在适当的时刻送出点火信号以控制火花塞产生电火花,从而为小型汽油机进行点火。     

甲醇汽油发动机醇醛排放特性及其影响因素研究

在一台JL368Q3汽油机上分别燃用汽油和M10(甲醇、汽油体积比为1∶9)甲醇汽油混合燃料,并利用气相色谱仪(氦离子化检测器)实验研究了甲醇和甲醛的排放特性及点火提前角对醇、醛排放的影响.结果表明,甲醇排放来源于燃油,其受最高燃烧温度影响较大,该排放将随着发动机转速和排气温度的升高而降低.甲醛由碳氢和甲醇在排气管中经氧化而生成,其排放量随着发动机转速和排气温度的提高而增加.汽油机的甲醛排放量随着转矩的增大先增后减,在中、高负荷时,M10发动机甲醛排放量为汽油机的1.5～4.5倍,随着发动机转速的提高,这2种负荷下的甲醛排放量差距减小.     

磁感应式曲轴位置传感器的结构与检修

曲轴位置传感器是电喷发动机特别是集中控制系统中最重要的传感器,也是点火系统和燃油喷射系统共用的传感器。该传感器检测发动机曲轴转角和活塞上止点信号,并将检测信号及时送至发动机电脑,用以控制点火时刻（点火提前角）和喷油正时,是测量发动机转速的信号源。本文主要介绍日产公司磁感应式曲轴位置传感器的结构原理及其检修方法,并介绍了未来曲轴传感器的发展趋势。     

基于PIC的摩托车发动机电控单元

电控单元(ECU)是电控汽油喷射系统的核心智能部件,其主要功能是根据节气门开度和发动机转速并结合其他参数对点火提前角和喷油脉宽信号进行控制,实现发动机燃烧过程的优化.本文以MAP工况为例,介绍了基于PIC单片机的电控单元开发及其工作原理和硬件系统.     

废气再循环温度对小排量增压汽油机燃烧及性能的影响

为研究不同废气再循环(EGR)温度对汽油机燃烧特性的影响,基于一台1.3T涡轮增压汽油机改造了低压EGR系统,通过开关EGR冷却水使EGR达到不同的温度.结果表明:在1 500r·min-1,10%EGR率,小、中、大3个负荷工况下,随着EGR温度升高,燃油消耗率有升高趋势,但是其升高幅度不超过0.3%.EGR温度升高后,最佳点火提前角提前,中、小负荷燃烧持续期增长,大负荷燃烧持续期基本不变.在大负荷工况下,当关闭EGR冷却后,EGR温度急剧升高,会对进气过程产生不利影响,发动机最大仅能达到的平均有效制动压力为1.166 MPa,相比于该转速下10%EGR率低温EGR能达到的1.202 MPa,下降了3%.     

用准维燃烧模型建立汽油机喷油及点火控制的基本模型

以发动机经济性为目标，首次提出用准维燃烧模型建立汽油机喷油及点火控制基本模型的方法，并对ＳＹ４９２Ｑ－４型发动机进行了离线计算，通过试验修正，建立了汽油机稳定运行时点火提前角和循环供油量（空燃比）控制的基本模型。     

摩托车发动机最佳点火角试验仪设计

介绍了一种摩托车发动机最佳点火角试验仪的设计原理、电路结构和程序流程。该仪器采用单片机技术,能够在任意发动机转速下设定任意点火提前角,配合发动机测功试验,可以快速测绘出摩托车发动机最佳点火提前角曲线,为发动机和点火器设计提供依据。     

煤层气发动机电控点火系统设计

针对传统点火系统不能保证煤层气发动机在气源参数和负荷发生变化时稳定运行的现状,设计了一套电控点火系统,阐述了该控制系统设计方案、系统结构、软硬件设计方法及其功能.该系统以爆震信号作为反馈信号,实现了发动机最佳点火提前角的闭环控制,能有效防止发动机爆震、进气管回火、排气管放炮,确保发动机安全、高效、洁净地运行.     

双变量协同的无人直升机发动机恒转速滑模控制

针对无人直升机发动机恒转速控制问题,提出了一种油门/点火提前角双变量协同调节的恒转速滑模控制策略.发动机输出扭矩控制是恒转速控制问题关键的一环,而油门开度和点火提前角作为调节发动机输出扭矩的两个变量具有不同的特点.油门调节虽然调节范围宽,但是响应较慢,易受时滞效应的影响而产生超调现象;点火提前角响应较快,但是调节范围有限.将二者的优点结合起来实现协同控制,可以进一步加强恒转速控制效果.为实现此目的,对发动机进行了数学建模,并基于该模型和滑模控制设计了协同控制策略.该策略包括点火提前角优先调节的主逻辑和点火提前角回归逻辑.最终通过仿真和试验验证了控制策略的效果.仿真结果显示:负载突变时,双变量协同滑模控制器相较于传统PID控制器,转速误差减小61%;同样基于滑模控制,双变量协同控制相较于双变量分离控制,转速误差减小21.4%;存在负载扭矩干扰或进气压力波动时,双变量协同滑模控制的转速稳定性也优于其他两种控制方式;整机系留试验中,双变量协同滑模控制的转速波动范围比双变量分离滑模控制小24%,比传统PID控制小62%.经过多次系留试验观测,使用双变量协同滑模控制,可使转速波动范围在±70 r/min以内,控制误差在2%以内,能够满足无人直升机飞行稳定性的要求.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.