自动加药系统中模糊自整定PID控制方法的研究

提出利用模糊自整定PID控制器实现自动加药的方法,将控制器和PID控制器结合在一起,利用模糊逻辑控制实现了PID控制器参数在线自调整,完善了传统PID控制器的性能,提高了系统的控制精度.并把MATLAB中的Fuzzy Toolbox和Simulink结合起来,方便实现了自整定模糊PID控制系统的计算机仿真.仿真结果表明模糊自整定PID对被控系统的适应性强,鲁棒性好,超调小,反应时间快,能很好地适应现实生产过程中的控制要求.     

模糊PID自整定技术在叶片检测控制系统中的应用

鉴于叶片检测系统对运动控制系统高精度的要求,分析叶片检测系统的运动控制方式。基于IMAC400控制卡研究其PID参数调整原理,设计fuzzy logic的PID自整定算法,比较传统PID与模糊自整定PID的控制性能。实验结果表明:在抛物线响应中,常规PID控制的最大跟随误差为-8.602 9,而模糊自整定PID控制最大跟随误差为-8.492 2。模糊自整定PID技术对运动控制系统的稳定性及精确度均有很大的提升。     

基于免疫调节机制的参数自整定模糊控制器设计

为进一步解决常规模糊控制算法存在的控制器参数不能在线调整、稳态精度较低等问题,提出一种基于免疫系统调节机制的参数自整定模糊控制算法。该算法在动态调节阶段借鉴生物免疫系统调的T细胞反馈调节机制来整定控制器参数,以获得较优的控制系统动态性能;稳态调节阶段利用免疫系统抗原提呈原理,将控制偏差视为抗原并进行非线性处理,同时微调控制器参数以提高模糊控制器的灵敏度,从而克服常规模糊控制器稳态精度不高的缺陷。为检验免疫模糊自整定控制算法的控制效果,将改进后的算法应用于生物反应器的非线性温度控制对象。研究结果表明:相比于常规模糊控制算法和PID算法,免疫模糊自整定控制算法具有较好的控制效果和较强的抗干扰能力。     

模糊神经免疫自适应PID在恒张力控制系统中的应用

应用免疫反馈系统原理和模糊神经网络控制理论,在传统PID控制基础上设计出一种模糊神经免疫自适应PID控制器,阐述了该控制器的特点、控制规律和整定方法.控制器参数P、I和D分别由模糊神经免疫反馈系统和模糊神经网络控制器在线修正.进行了恒张力控制系统的动态仿真,并与数字PID和模糊PID控制进行了比较.仿真结果表明,模糊神经免疫自适应PID控制器响应速度快、控制输出稳定、抗干扰能力强和鲁棒性好,较传统PID和模糊PID控制器具有更好的动、静态特性.     

基于模糊PID的锅炉水位控制系统的研究

应用模糊控制技术,设计了一个二维模糊自整定PID控制器,对锅炉汽包水位进行控制,实现了PID参数的自适应调节。利用MATLAB对控制系统进行仿真。结果表明,该控制器自整定能力及鲁棒性比传统PID控制器更强,响应速度快、精度高,同时对虚假水位有较好的控制效果。     

基于模糊自整定PID的单片机温度控制系统设计

介绍了温度控制系统的硬件组成、软件设计及控制算法。针对控制对象的不确定性,采用了模糊自整定PID控制算法,实现了PID参数的在线自整定。该系统具有实时性好、控制速度快、稳定性强等优点。     

基于遗传模糊免疫算法的PID参数整定优化研究

针对工业过程中的PID参数整定较难的问题,在分析模糊免疫算法的基础上,提出了一种遗传模糊免疫算法,用于在线整定PID参数。该算法用免疫反馈机理在线调整比例系数,模糊算法在线整定积分系数和微分系数。同时,该算法引用具有全局寻优特性的遗传算法优化免疫参数,克服了免疫参数选取不当而导致系统超调量较大、响应速度过慢的问题。针对工业过程中的无时滞过程、一阶惯性加时滞过程、二阶惯性加时滞过程、高阶系统过程,将该算法用于PID参数整定优化,并与模糊免疫算法、免疫PID算法、常规PID算法整定结果进行对比分析。仿真实验结果表明,遗传模糊免疫算法整定出的PID参数具有超调量小、调节时间短、抗干扰性强、鲁棒性强等优点,取得了较好的控制效果。     

基于遗传模糊免疫算法的比例-积分-微分参数整定优化

针对工业过程中的比例-积分-微分(proportional integral differential,PID)参数整定较难的问题,在分析模糊免疫算法的基础上,提出了一种遗传模糊免疫算法,用于在线整定PID参数。该算法用免疫反馈机理在线调整比例系数,模糊算法在线整定积分系数和微分系数。同时,该算法引用具有全局寻优特性的遗传算法优化免疫参数,克服了免疫参数选取不当而导致系统超调量较大、响应速度过慢的问题。针对工业过程中的无时滞过程、一阶惯性加时滞过程、二阶惯性加时滞过程、高阶系统过程,将该算法用于PID参数整定优化,并与模糊免疫算法、免疫PID算法、常规PID算法整定结果进行对比分析。仿真实验结果表明,遗传模糊免疫算法整定出的PID参数具有超调量小、调节时间短、抗干扰性强、鲁棒性强等优点,取得了较好的控制效果。     

PID参数自整定模糊控制器的应用

针对电加热炉大惯性、纯滞后、参数时变的非线性对象的控制的特点,以及常规PID控制参数不易调节的特点,提出了一种PID参数自整定模糊控制方法,设计了PID参数自整定模糊控制器,并在炉温控制系统中应用。实验结果表明:PID参数自整定模糊控制消除了系统的稳态误差,没有超调和振荡,鲁棒性较强,而且简单易行,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于参数自整定模糊PID算法的平地机行走速度优化控制系统设计

针对平地机作业时行进速度精度的滞后问题及控制参数,提出了基于参数自整定模糊PID算法的平地机行走速度优化控制系统,协调解决行进速度的滞后问题,并完成了将该算法应用在平地机的控制系统中.系统采用单片机作为行走速度的控制中心,为验证参数自整定模糊PID算法的有效性和可靠性,对平地机的行进速度控制进行了设定干扰信号的测试.通过Matlab软件的Simulink仿真,分析了不加PID的常规控制、PID控制、参数自整定模糊PID控制进行速度稳定控制的效果,测试显示响应时间短、响应速度较快,能够满足设计的要求.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.