基于FactSage计算优化转炉脱磷工艺的基础研究

本文将脱磷理论与FactSage软件相结合进行模拟计算,研究CaO、SiO2、P2O5、MgO和FeO含量对熔化性温度的影响,并通过单因素分析、正交实验分析、方差分析和相图分析等找到最佳渣系含量组合. 实验结果表明,SiO2含量增加使熔化性温度降低,CaO含量的增加使熔化温度上升,MgO含量在3%~7.5%之间时完全熔化温度下降,P2O5含量的升高会降低熔化温度;CaO对开始熔化温度影响最大,SiO2和FeO对完全熔化温度影响最大. 开始熔化温度最低, 各因子的最低值为：CaO=26%、SiO2=24%、FeO=21%、P2O5=9.8%、MgO=9%;完全熔化温度最低, 各因子的最低值为：CaO=38%、SiO2=22.5%、FeO=18%、P2O5=5.3%、MgO=3%. 通过分析CaO含量对FeO-SiO2-P2O5相图、FeO含量对CaO-SiO2-P2O5相图以及SiO2含量对CaO-FeO-P2O5相图液相区的影响,我们发现随着CaO含量的增加,FeO-SiO2-P2O5体系中液相区温度升高,其中1800 ℃液相区扩大;FeO含量对CaO-SiO2-P2O5体系液相区影响较明显,尤其在15%~18%的FeO含量范围,1600 ℃温度区间不断扩大,并且增加了1400 ℃与1600 ℃温度区间;SiO2含量的增加使CaO-FeO-P2O5体系的液相区减小,即体系的熔化性温度升高,从而使得渣中P2O5的含量降低,有利于脱磷.     

BaO-CaO-CaF2系渣用于钢液深脱磷能力

使用BaO-CaO-CaF2系渣在实验室中进行钢水深脱磷实验以获得超低磷钢水.实验结果表明,初始磷约为0.01%的条件下,获得了50%以上的脱磷率及0.005%以下最低0.002%的磷含量;脱磷效果受钢水氧化性影响显著.实验测得1 813～1 893K范围内该渣系的磷容量在1018～1019.35之间,并且随BaO含量增加,磷容量增大.     

高磷铁水脱磷渣枸溶性

参照实际转炉脱磷炉渣,配制了不同F、P2O5、FeO和MgO含量及碱度的渣样,用化学分析方法测试了不同组分对渣中磷的枸溶率的影响规律.结果表明:当脱磷渣中含有F时,P主要与F形成氟磷灰石,使得磷的枸溶率随渣中F含量的升高而急剧降低,当不含氟时枸溶率可达92.5%,当氟质量分数达到0.5%时枸溶率已降低到50%以下;随碱度增加,由于渣中Ca2+含量增加,破坏了硅氧网络结构,使得枸溶率有所上升;渣中MgO含量升高,由于Mg2+在熔融冷却过程中会抑制β--Ca3(PO4)2晶体的析出,而β--Ca3(PO4)2中磷不易为质量分数为2%的柠檬酸液溶出,而使枸溶率有所升高;随渣中P2O5含量升高,由于P5+与O2-形成络离子,P5+位于O2-密集形成的间隙中,不易溶出,使得枸溶率有所下降;渣中FeOn升高,枸溶率随之降低.     

高磷赤铁矿采用 CaCl2气化脱磷的试验研究

对高磷赤铁矿在烧结过程中添加CaCl2气化脱磷进行热力学分析,并通过微型烧结试验对影响气化脱磷率的因素进行研究。结果表明,在烧结过程中添加CaCl2可以使高磷赤铁矿中的 P元素以 PCl3气体形式随烧结废气排出;气化脱磷率受配碳量、加热温度、C aC l2加入量、矿石碱度等因素影响;当配碳量为4％、加热温度为900℃、CaCl2加入量为1．36％、通过添加白灰使矿石碱度增加到1．2时,脱磷率可以达到18．3％。     

BaO-CaO基精炼渣对含铬铁水的氧化脱磷

在氩气保护气氛的MoSi2炉内,进行了BaO-CaO基精炼渣对不同初始碳含量的含铬铁水氧化脱磷实验研究.实验结果发现,含铬铁水的初始碳质量分数在3%-4%时,脱磷效果最好,在1 500℃时,脱磷率可达60%以上;氧化脱磷温度对脱磷率影响显著,随着温度的升高,脱磷率显著下降,脱磷温度宜控制在1 500-1 550℃;含铬铁水几乎没有铬损,初始碳含量较高的炉次出现了增铬现象.     

铁水同时脱磷脱硫的最佳氧位与电位

利用ZrO_2·MgO固体电解质定氧探头测定了实验1kg级铁水喷吹CaO系熔剂同时脱磷脱硫处理过程中反应初始和终了的铁水氧位,并进行了热力学分析。测定的初始氧位范围为Po_2=10~(-8)·45～10~(-9)·75Pa(10~(-13)·46～10~(-14)·70atm),比按C/O、Si/O平衡反应计算的氧位提高1～3个数量级,测定的终了氧位范围为Po_2=10~(-7)～10~(-9)Pa(10~(-12)～10~(-14)atm),比初始氧位提高1～3个数量级,与热力学计算的最佳氧位值(Po_2=10~(-7.88)·Pa(10~(-12.88)·atm))吻合良好。结果表明,随铁水终了氧位升高,脱磷率增加、终了磷含量下降,脱硫率则稍有降低、终了硫含量稍微升高。此外,还从电化学上对同时脱磷脱硫处理的最佳氧位—电位区域进行了分析,并探讨了铁水罐喷吹脱磷脱硫处理的反应机理。     

合成精炼渣对钢水脱磷作用的研究

采用CaO-Al2O3-MgO-BaO-CaF2渣系,在实验室内依据冶金热力学和动力学理论进行热模拟实验,对不同量的原料配比进行了精炼渣的脱磷实验,系统的分析了初始磷含量、碱度、光学碱度、BaO、CaF2等因素对脱磷能力和脱磷反应速率的影响。研究表明,BaO部分取代CaO时,脱磷率高,碱度小于30,光学碱度小于0.9,CaF2在16%-18%,脱磷率高。     

二氧化钛改质对含磷转炉渣中磷富集行为的影响

为了有效富集含磷转炉渣中磷,通过TiO2熔融改质研究了磷富集行为,对TiO2改质过程进行了热力学探讨,同时对实验炉渣进行磁选分离提取了富磷相.在1623 K条件下,随着渣中TiO2含量的增加,渣中先期析出的n2CaO·SiO2--3CaO·P2O5(以下简记nC2S--C3P)固溶体与TiO2不断反应析出CaSiTiO5、CaTiO3和高磷固溶体(n’C2S--C3P,n’相似文献   

合成精炼渣对钢水脱磷作用的研究

采用CaO-Al2O3-MgO-BaO-CaF2渣系,在实验室内依据冶金热力学和动力学理论进行热模拟实验,对不同量的原料配比进行了精炼渣的脱磷实验,系统的分析了初始磷含量、碱度、光学碱度、BaO、CaF2等因素对脱磷能力和脱磷反应速率的影响.研究表明,BaO部分取代CaO时,脱磷率高,碱度小于30,光学碱度小于0.9,CaF2在16%-18%,脱磷率高.     

基于多功能转炉炼钢法的连续循环冶炼过程

为了研究脱碳渣在脱磷期的重新利用,基于多功能转炉炼钢法进行连续循环冶炼实验.实验发现：脱磷阶段渣中较低的FeO含量、吹炼5 min左右,[ C]≥2.8%的条件下,可实现转炉熔池内铁液[ P]≤0.025%的脱磷效果,并对低( FeO)含量炉渣的脱磷可行性进行热力学计算;随着循环的进行,石灰加入量逐渐降低,由65 kg·t-1降低至31 kg·t-1,转炉冶炼终点钢水[ P]量由0.018%降低至0.005%,2~4炉后达到平衡状态;在循环过程中,脱磷阶段结束倒出炉渣60~80 kg·t-1,整个循环结束一次性倒出剩余全部炉渣120~130 kg·t-1,平均渣量为83 kg·t-1左右,较普通工艺的120 kg·t-1渣量有大幅度减少.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the