蚯蚓粪吸附水中Cu2+的动力学和热力学分析

以蚯蚓粪为吸附剂,测定了Cu2+初始质量浓度、温度、pH、吸附时间对水中Cu2+吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附特征、吸附动力学和热力学进行了系统分析。结果表明:在温度25℃、Cu2+初始质量浓度87.9～575.0 mg/L、蚯蚓粪用量0.25 g/10mL、振荡速率200 rpm、吸附时间12 h的条件下,吸附效率可达95.27%～98.07%;pH对吸附影响甚小;蚯蚓粪对溶液中Cu2+的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型;不同温度下吸附呈现相似的非线性吸附等温线,且Freundlich模型对吸附过程有良好的拟合;反应的吉布斯自由能?G0,表明吸附过程是自发进行的吸热反应。     

Kinetics of chemical leaching of chalcopyrite from low grade copper ore: behavior of different size fractions

The kinetics of the chemical leaching of copper from low grade ore in ferric sulfate media was investigated using the constrained least square optimization technique. The experiments were carried out for different particle sizes in both the reactor and column at constant oxidation-reduction potential (E_h), pH values, and temperature. The main copper mineral was chalcopyrite. About 40% of Cu recovery is obtained after 7 d of reactor leaching at 85℃ using -0.5 mm size fraction, while the same recovery is obtained at 75℃ after 24 d. Also, about 23% of Cu recovery is obtained after 60 d of column leaching for +4–-8 mm size fraction whereas the Cu recovery is as low as about 15% for +8–-12.7 and +12.7–-25 mm size fractions. A 4-stage model for chalcopyrite dissolution was used to explain the observed dissolution behaviors. The results show that thick over-layers of sulphur components cause the parabolic behavior of chalcopyrite dissolution and the precipitation of Fe3+ plays the main role in chalcopyrite passivation. In the case of coarse particles, transformation from one stage to another takes a longer time, thus only two stages including the initial reaction on fresh surfaces and S0 deposition are observed.     

磷酸溶液中铜阳极溶解的电流混沌振荡行为

采用循环伏安、动电位扫描和旋转电极方法研究磷酸溶液中铜的阳极过程 ,并对其电化学行为采用非线性方法进行表征。结果表明 ,铜在常温下阳极过程溶解中存在复杂的电流振荡现象 ,铜的振荡行为受电极转速影响 ,电流振荡存在最小的旋转速率 ,低速旋转时扩散速率过小 ,电流不呈现振荡行为。电极旋转速率加大 ,导致振荡电势范围拓宽。电流振荡呈现出混沌特征 ,恒定电势值的改变能显著影响电流的振荡行为 ,电化学振荡与电极溶液界面的特定膜有关 ,文章对阳极溶解过程的反应机理进行了探讨。     

具有可和系数中立型时滞差分方程的振动性与正解的存在性（英）

考虑如下形式的线性中立型时滞差分方程△(Xn-PnXn-k)+qnXn-l=0,n=0,1,2,……其中{Pn}、{qn}均为实数列且Qn≥0,k,l为非负整数.在允许Pn-1振动情况下,本文建立了该方程所有解振动性和正解存在性的几个新的充分条件,其中不需要文献中通常用到的发散条件 qn=∞,作为应用,证明了方程△[xn-esin xn-4k]+ceβn-1=0,c＞0所有解振动的充要条件为β≤ .     

Dissolution characteristics of sericite in chalcopyrite bioleaching and its effect on copper extraction

The effects of sericite particle size, rotation speed, and leaching temperature on sericite dissolution and copper extraction in a chalcopyrite bioleaching system were examined. Finer particles, appropriate temperature and rotation speed for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans resulted in a higher Al3+ dissolution concentration. The Al3+ dissolution concentration reached its highest concentration of 38.66 mg/L after 48-d leaching when the sericite particle size, temperature, and rotation speed were -43 μm, 30℃, and 160 r/min, respectively. Meanwhile, the sericite particle size, rotation speed, and temperature can affect copper extraction. The copper extraction rate is higher when the sericite particle size is finer. An appropriately high temperature is favorable for copper leaching. The dissolution of sericite fitted the shrinking core model, 1-(2/3)α-(1-α)2/3=k₁t, which indicates that internal diffusion is the decision step controlling the overall reaction rate in the leaching process. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed small precipitates covered on the surface of sericite after leaching, which increased the diffusion resistance of the leaching solution and dissolved ions.     

封闭体系中水与玄武岩作用的研究

玄武岩与水的作用主要表现在硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐矿物的水解作用。本文首先从理论上论述硅酸盐及铝硅酸盐矿物的界面反应过程。然后结合水─岩作用实验，探讨水与玄武岩在封闭条件下的作用特点及其动力学机制。为模拟自然界中深部封闭体系地下水与玄武岩的作用，我们将采自六合玄武地区的上第三系上新统黄岗组（Ｎ２Ｈ）碱性徽榄玄武岩粉碎后分别与具不同酸碱性的水溶液密封于塑料瓶中，分析其封闭条件下浸泡不同时间后水溶液的化学组成，探讨玄武岩与水的作用规律。研究结果表明：（１）封闭体系中水与玄武岩作用，水溶液的ｐＨ值普遍增高；在初始环境为酸性条件下，水中可溶性ＳｉＯ２含量呈对数曲线变化，在弱酸性、中性及碱性条件下，则呈抛物线状变化；水─岩作用过程中元素释放规律亦随条件不同而不同。（２）控制硅酸盐及招硅酸盐矿物水解反应速度的化学反应速度和弥散速度，在酸性条件下，前者占主导作用，在弱酸性、中性和碱性条件下则是弥散速度控制了水解反应速度。最后，本文将理论推导出的矿物水解反应速度方程与水─岩作用实验结果相比较，并绘出拟合图形，表明理论与实际相吻合。     

光参量放大耦合方程的近似解

在准相匹配及泵浦损耗的情况下,对光参量放大的耦合方程给出了近似解。近似解表明,耦合过程是周期性的振荡过程,振荡周期依赖于耦合系数及泵浦光的强度。近似解与数值计算的结果相吻合。     

纳米羟基磷灰石对Cu2+的吸附

用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米羟基磷灰石(n-HAP)吸附水溶液中的铜离子(Cu2+),研究反应时间、体系pH值和Cu2+初始浓度等因素对吸附行为的影响,并探讨吸附机理。结果表明:在溶液pH=4.5~7.5,n-HAP对Cu2+的吸附升高趋势近似线性关系;反应60 min时基本达到吸附平衡;pH>7.5时,溶液中Cu2+几乎完全去除,最大吸附量为51.28 mg/g。n-HAP对Cu2+有良好的吸附作用,吸附类型为Langmu ir等温吸附,吸附过程符合拟二级反应动力学方程。     

双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物的均相配位反应

通过难溶双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物H2HAPP的三氟醋酸盐在混合溶剂中的去质子化反应制备了该大环化合物的均相溶液,并且获得了该大环化合物的高分辨率紫外-可见光谱．利用pH滴定法研究了H2HAPP在二氯甲烷／甲醇(体积比为1：1)混合溶剂中的质子化反应．结果表明,该大环化合物环外的两个氮原子可以在不同pH值下分别被质子化．光谱滴定实验结果显示,在二氯甲烷／甲醇溶液体系中,Co^2 、Cu^2 和Zn^2 均容易与双氮桥联菲咯啉大环化合物进行均相配位反应．     

在酸性氯化钠溶液中铜阳极恒电位电流振荡的研究

研究了旋转圆盘铜阳极在酸性NaCl溶液中恒电位电流振荡现象。用logI—E曲线初步研究产生电流振荡的电位范围。实验证实 ,恒电位电流振荡的振幅随转速的增加而减小 ,诱导期随转速的增大而增加 ,转速对振荡频率的影响不大 ;振荡与H+浓度有很大关系 ,振幅随H+浓度降低而减少 ,当H+浓度为 0 0 5mol/dm3 时 ,没有出现电流振荡现象     

一类三阶中立型阻尼方程的Philos型振动定理

研究一类具分布时滞的三阶非线性中立型阻尼泛函微分方程.利用Philos方法,建立了保证该类方程的一切解振动或者收敛于零的若干新的充分条件,推广和改进了最近文献的结果.     

掺铜TiO_2光催化降解活性艳红X-3B的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺铜TiO2光催化剂,以活性艳红X-3B溶液光催化降解反应为模型,研究各种因素对活性艳红X-3B光催化降解的影响.实验结果表明:适量的Cu2+掺杂可明显提高TiO2的活性,本实验中最佳量为0.5%.掺杂Cu2+的TiO2光催化剂最佳用量为1.5g/L,溶液pH为5左右,活性艳红X-3B溶液初始浓度为40mg/L,加入H2O21ml/L,40min左右活性艳红X-3B降解率可达到94.3%.     

碳钢在硫酸溶液中的钝化和振荡

研究了碳钢电极在硫酸溶液中的钝化和电流振荡行为。发生振荡的电位范围仅在钝化电位附近。振荡电流反映了电极活化、钝化过程的交替变化,其大小、周期和峰宽都随着溶液 H_-~+离子浓度改变而变化。振荡电流的形状亦与 H_-~+离子浓度有关。振荡原因是钝化膜的结构和组成的不均匀,它反复地生成和溶解,使电极表面交替钝化和活化,致使电流振荡。     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite by moderately thermophilic bacteria：an emphasis on their interactions

Interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria were investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements performed in conjunction with bioleaching experiments. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by bothAcidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferriphilum and that extremely high copper extraction could be achieved when chalcopyrite and bornite coexisted in a bioleaching system. Bornite dissolved preferentially because of its lower corrosion potential, and its dissolution was accelerated by the gal-vanic current during the initial stage of bioleaching. The galvanic current and optimum redox potential of 390?480 mV vs. Ag/AgCl pro-moted the reduction of chalcopyrite to chalcocite (Cu2S), thus accelerating its dissolution.     

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite and bornite by moderately thermophilic bacteria: an emphasis on their interactions

Interactions between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by moderately thermophilic bacteria were investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical measurements performed in conjunction with bioleaching experiments. The results showed that a synergistic effect existed between chalcopyrite and bornite during bioleaching by both Acidithiobacillus caldus and Leptospirillum ferriphilum and that extremely high copper extraction could be achieved when chalcopyrite and bornite coexisted in a bioleaching system. Bornite dissolved preferentially because of its lower corrosion potential, and its dissolution was accelerated by the galvanic current during the initial stage of bioleaching. The galvanic current and optimum redox potential of 390-480 m V vs. Ag/Ag Cl promoted the reduction of chalcopyrite to chalcocite(Cu2S), thus accelerating its dissolution.     

Au/席夫碱自组装单层膜的电化学行为

用交流阻抗技术对Au／席夫碱自组装单层膜的电化学行为进行研究的结果表明，酸性较强时，席夫碱单分子膜的膜电容随酸性的增强而增大；实验还表明，Au／席夫碱自组装单层膜可与Cu^2 发生作用，其速度随Cu^2 浓度的变化而不同，为深入研究膜的结构、席夫碱络合物的生物活性等打下了必要的基础。     

抗坏血酸对Cu~（2＋）与TPPS_3配位反应促进机理的研究

本文利用可见吸收光谱法和直流极谱法研究了抗坏血酸对Ｃｕ（２＋）的还原性、Ｃｕ（２＋）的还原状态、抗坏血酸浓度及溶液中溶解氧浓度对Ｃｕ２＋与三磺基四苯基卟啉（ＴＰＰＳ３）配位反应的影响。实验证明，在抗坏血酸存在下，Ｃｕ２＋与ＴＰＰＳ３可能的配位反应机制为；抗坏血酸首先将Ｃｕ２＋还原为Ｃｕ２＋，Ｃｕ２＋与ＴＰＰＳ３生成很不稳定的、对溶解氧非常敏感的Ｃｕ（Ⅰ）－ＴＰＰＳ３中间体，此中间体一旦生成立即被溶液中的溶解氧氧化为Ｃｕ２＋（Ⅲ）－ＴＰＰＳ３配合物。     

化学沉淀法去除木薯制备酒精废水中氨氮的试验研究

针对NH_3-N质量浓度为500~900mg/L木薯制备酒精的废水,采用正交试验及单因素试验研究了用化学沉淀法去除废水中氨氮的工艺条件,结果表明:以MgCl_2·6H_2O和Na2HPO4·12H_2O为沉淀剂,在pH=9.0时废水溶液中PO_4~(3-)与Mg~(2+)和NH_4~+一起发生沉淀反应生成MgNH4PO4·6H_2O,从而达到去除废水中的氨氮的目的;影响废水中的氨氮去除率的因素依次为n(Mg~(2+):NH_4~+),反应时间,n(PO_4~(3-)∶NH_4~+)和pH值。最佳反应条件是当pH=9.0,n(Mg~(2+))∶n(NH_4~+)∶n(PO_4~(3-))=1.4∶1.0∶1.2,常温下反应30min,静置30min,该工艺条件下,对初始氨氮为644.5mg/L的木薯制备酒精的废水进行处理,其氨氮的去除率90%。     

三阶非线性中立型阻尼泛函微分方程的振动性

研究一类三阶非线性中立型阻尼泛函微分方程,利用广义Riccati变换和积分平均技巧,建立了该类方程的所有解振动或收敛于零的若干新的充分条件,推广和改进最近文献的结果.     

高效Ni 2+ 吸附菌株分离鉴定及特性研究

采用浓度梯度筛选的方法,从活性污泥中筛选到一株能耐受并吸附Ni 2+的菌株,命名为Ni-1.采用单因素法对菌株Ni-1的最适培养条件进行了考察,确定培养条件为t=30℃,pH=7.0,1.0%的NaCl.考察了菌株Ni-1对Cu2+和Ni 2+的吸附性能,并用表面响应法优化了吸附条件.菌株Ni-1吸附Cu2+的最优条件为Cu2+100mg/L、投加菌量(湿重)0.85g、溶液pH=6.0,在此条件下对Cu2+的最大吸附率为87.13%.菌株Ni-1吸附Ni 2+的最优条件为Ni 2+50mg/L、投加菌量(湿重)0.85g、溶液pH=6.0,在此条件下对Ni 2+的最大吸附率为84.32%.实验结果表明该细菌对较低浓度的Cu2+和Ni 2+有较好的吸附性能.