浅谈日本武士道的演变及其理论根源

武士道是日本文化精神的核心,对日本民族性的影响颇深,尤其是日本近代化过程中以及今天日本人的生活方式、精神信仰中,都留下了武士精神的印痕。武士道精神在日本绵延了一千多年,成为了日本人的道德准则,至今仍然强而有力地影响和支配着日本民族的言行。本文主要探讨武士道精神的渊源及其理论根源,借此揭示武士道精神对日本国民性的影响。     

武士道善恶观与军国主义战争观

以封建武士的利益和生存条件为基础形成的武士道善恶观，明治以后发展成了现代日本人的善恶观，将大和民族的利益置于其它民族的利益之上，以“日本的利益”得失作为衡量善与恶和自身行为正确与否的唯一标准，这种利己主义善恶观认同所有形式的对外战争，以掠夺为荣，将战争暴行看作为了“日本的利益”的正义之举，近现代军国主义战争中的民族疯狂，制造惨绝人寰的暴行而无丝毫罪恶感，篡改历史，美化侵略的二战史观，都源自武士道善恶观。     

“忠”——武士道和日本精神的价值核心

“忠”是人类社会的美德之一，它像水、像火、像空气一样，是人类社会不可缺少的宝贵财富。“忠”是日本最高伦理道德，是武士道和日本精神的价值核心。１１９２年以来，尤其是明治维新至今１３２年的历史表明，“忠”在日本有着举世无双的物质化能量。统治者对“忠”的恶用，“忠”成了军国主义、法西斯主义侵略政策的杀人屠刀；统治者对“忠”善用时，“忠”则成了日本成功之路和经济奇迹的民族底蕴。一、武士道是“忠”的宗教日本封建社会的武家政治时期，“忠”在武士的名誉训条中居于至高无上的地位［１］，是武家社会占首要位置的价值…     

向死而生：武士道生死观之述评——以《叶隐闻书》为中心

武士道是日本传统精神的重要组成部分，曾经长期作为社会道德的基石，对日本国民的个人修身和民族性格产生了深远的影响。《叶隐阐书》是武士道最重要的理论典籍，而生死观则是武士道核心精神的体现。从生死观的角度来考察并阐发武士道的精神：（一）其特点是重死轻生和向死而生；（二）其内容为“离生死”、“任事”和修武德；（三）其意义为忠君奉公的世间意义和道身合一的终极意义；（四）“死狂”心理和“预立”意识是武士了脱生死的途径。     

浅谈日本人非语言行为特征

日本人的非语言行为特征与他们所依赖的化背景息息相关。日本民族的特殊化氛围，孕育了日本人独特的行为方式。传统的生活方式、长期以来形成风俗习惯与待人接物原则、大众化的价值取向，以及审美情绪等因素的影响，形成了日本人固有的“保守、谨慎、节制”、“低姿态的身体语言”、“他人志向性”、“察言观色”等非语言行为特征。但是，非语言行为特征并非一成不变的，是随着日本社会的变化而不断变化的。     

浅谈武士道对日本社会的消极影响

武士道是日本的传统文化之一,它存在了700多年,在幕府时期一直被视作社会的道德标准,对日本以及日本民族的影响是巨大的。日本作为当今世界最发达的国家之一,其自杀率也一直居高不下。对于这样的现象,我们可以通过武士道的价值观来解释当今社会日本人的自杀动机。在第二次世界大战中,日本军队惨绝人寰的杀戮行为,给亚洲各国人民带来了巨大的伤害,在这里我们也能够发现武士道的影响。如今,武士道在日本社会上已经不复存在了,但我们仍然可以从很多方面看到武士道对日本社会的消极影响。     

日本武士的统治思想——武士道——兼评新渡户稻造的《武士道》之四

武士道作为日本传统文化的象征和民族精神的核心要素,平安时代是私人性武装集团的道德规范和战争精神;幕府时代是武家社会的理想价值、战争精神和统治理念,左右国家的统治体制、内外政策、决策方式和运作模式,引领日本社会以武为本的发展方向;明治、大正和昭和时代初期是全社会的核心价值、军队的战争精神和统治阶级的统治理念,"忠诚的伦理观念"构成塑造日本崛起的精神动力,"武勇的战争精神"则充当日本军国主义恶性膨胀的思想渊源。     

日本武士道和军国主义的辩护词——一评新渡户稻造的《武士道》

甲午中日战争之后,明治政府加快侵略步伐,以武士道广泛进行战争教育.1899年,新渡户稻造在美国出版<武士道>一书,将武士道美化为完全可以和西方骑士道并肩而立的理想化道德.讴歌武士道培育了举世无比的忠君爱国的日本国民,赞美武士道为日本在甲午战争中的胜利赋予的力量,公开为日本国家和日本军国主义战争政策辩护.新渡户稻造片面拔高武士道的"忠诚与献身之道",刻意掩盖武士道的"杀人与战争之道",无论是对外国人全面、准确地认识武士道和日本国家,还是对日本人正确认识武士道和近代化的历史道路,都有着不容忽视的负面影响.     

日本中世纪军国主义探析--武士、武士道、武家政治与军国主义

日本军国主义形成于“幕府政治”时代,军国主义力行者和军国主义传统的缔造者,就是日本民族精神、民族传统和民族文化的主要创造者——武士.明治以来,长期被统治当局和众多日本知名学者誉为“大和魂”的武士道,驱使武士将穷兵黩武作为财富的源泉和发展的动力.幕府政治依赖和坚持军国主义,为军国主义提供政治舞台与社会空间,为近代和现代军国主义奠定起坚实而广泛的基础.     

日本武士道世俗化的历史考析——兼评新渡户稻造的《武士道》之六

武士道不是一天形成的,武士道的世俗化也不是一日之间实现的.原本只是武士的道德规范与行为准则的武士道诞生后不久,便开始了向其他阶级渗透的所谓“世俗化”.8至19世纪一千多年漫长历史岁月的渗润,武家统治者以国家权力为后盾的强制性灌输,农工商的模仿,明治维新前的日本已经处于武士道德全民化的门槛上了,明治政府的“全体国民武士化,武士道德全民化”政策,不过是实现武士道德全民化的助产婆而已.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.