一种多跳无线传感器网络中基于SMAC协议的性能分析模型

本文针对基于SMAC协议的多跳无线传感器网络,将节点建模为一个带关闭机制的有限队列单服务台系统,并考虑节点睡眠机制和竞争退避机制建立了二维Markov节点状态模型.基于该模型可准确推导出网络平均丢包率、网络吞吐量、数据包平均延时以及网络平均功率消耗等网络性能的表达式.通过与仿真实验给出的网络性能结果进行对比,发现模型给出的网络性能表达式有效逼近了仿真结果曲线,从而验证了模型的准确性.同时,运用该模型能准确分析多跳无线传感器网络在能量效率和QoS性能的折中关系,并为占空比、缓存队列容量等网络协议参数的优化提供理论指导.     

两步EFOP参数估计的递推算法

经验频域最优参数（EFOP）估计方法是基于时域估计和频域估计的一种系统辨识方法．其优点在于能够降低噪声影响，对小样本数据的随机系统具有较好的辨识效果．利用松弛算法而建立的两步EFOP方法，可适用于ARMA和Box-Jenkins等模型．文中对受干扰的随机系统，推导出两步EFOP方法的递推算法．对新的递推算法进行了仿真，并利用实验结果分析和验证了该算法的有效性．     

基于下肢保护的保险杠结构参数多目标优化

参考国家标准,建立了下肢冲击器对汽车试验的有限元和多刚体模型,验证了两种模型仿真结果的一致性。在下肢冲击器对汽车试验的多刚体仿真模型中,选取保险杠结构参数作为设计变量,以膝部弯曲角度、膝部剪切位移、小腿上端加速度三个损伤指标值最小为优化目标,利用基于pareto最优的多目标遗传算法进行了优化设计,并对保险杠结构参数进行了灵敏度分析。仿真结果表明,保险杠离地高度对下肢损伤影响最大,由优化所得到的该组结构参数对下肢有较好的保护效果。     

气制动ABS电磁阀压力动态特性研究

为了解决ABS气动系统建模过程中采用一、二阶系统模型所出现的压力估计不精确和电磁阀动态特性过于简化等问题,基于某客车压力调节器,设计了ABS气压系统试验平台。通过改变电磁阀的控制信号对制动气室入口处的压力动态特性进行了测试分析;采用回归分析的方法对压力特性曲线进行了参数辨识;综合考虑气室初始压力、电磁阀开关滞后等影响因素建立了气压电磁阀的压力特性等效模型并进行了验证。试验与仿真结果吻合,表明所建立的模型和测试系统是有效的。     

牵引供电扩能系统仿真研究

改善电气化铁道牵引供电能力不足的有效措施之一是进行牵引供电扩能改造,应用综合补偿技术是牵引供电扩能的最佳方法.但其影响因素较多,且时变性和相关性强,不易建立精确的数学模型.本文采用基于列车牵引计算的仿真方法,针对增设不同的扩能补偿设备,结合半定量分析方法时补偿设备的安装位置和投切容量等参数选取、有效控制策略的选择等建立了牵引供电扩能仿真系统,通过分析列车的运行工况来评价投入不同补偿设备所达到的扩能效果,系统的应用结果表明该仿真模型是行之有效的.     

C/C复合材料CVI工艺人工神经网络建模

C/C复合材料CVI制备工艺过程的本质繁杂性限制了该材料的广泛应用. 尝试利用人工神经网络技术对该工艺过程进行辨识与仿真, 采用Levenberg-Marquardt算法建立了通用的CVI工艺神经网络模型. 根据CVI工艺复杂、参数众多等特点, 结合有限元技术及工艺实验从教师样本处理、网络拓扑结构设计和学习参数调整等方面对网络学习算法作了进一步的改进. 通过对等温CVI样本集的学习, 初步建立了管类零件等温CVI工艺知识库. 结果表明: 该模型可以挖掘样本蕴含的领域知识, 不仅可以对单个工艺参数的时间效应进行预测和分析, 而且可以分析任意两个工艺参数对致密化过程的偶合作用.     

一类飞行器姿态动力学特征建模研究

本文研究飞行器姿态动力学的特征建模问题.针对飞行器姿态动力学所具有的三角形式的仿射非线性系统,通过引入非线性系统的时间尺度和一类与系统状态有关的压缩函数,给出了将动力学压缩到特征模型参数中的一般方法,并且给出了特征模型的参数范围及其极限.从所给出的参数范围可以看出,特征模型参数的界与采样周期、建模误差、系统阶数、系统变化率有关.所建立的特征模型的建模误差可以按照控制精度的要求任意小,表明了特征建模和一般模型降阶方法是不同的,该方法并不丢失系统信息.在此基础上建立了挠性卫星姿态特征模型,并给出了参数的界和极限,为基于特征模型的飞行器控制设计奠定了理论基础.     

智能机器人可变参数群体控制模型的多目标优化方法

近年来,针对自组织群体智能机器人的研究一直是智能机器人研究的热点问题.在这些研究中,提升群体机器人控制模型的泛用性一直是一个热点问题.为了提升群体机器人控制模型的泛用性,提高群体机器人在不同类型的环境下的功能表现,使用可配置的控制模型,利用仿真的方法求解控制模型在不同环境下的参数配置,是一种较为常见的方法.本研究提出了一种基于规则系统模型的多目标群体智能机器人控制模型优化方法,并针对该方法测试了多种不同的多目标优化方法的表现.使用包含凸障碍、非凸障碍以及通道型障碍的多个不同的仿真场景验证了该模型的效能.仿真验证结果表明该方法在各种环境下均具有较好的表现.     

基于GMM的压电驱动器磁滞特性建模及高精度抗扰跟踪控制

包含压电驱动器的微定位平台可以用于减小飞切加工中的低频误差.本文针对该平台中的压电驱动单元,提出了一种新的系统建模方法,并基于此建立了完整的高性能抗扰跟踪控制策略.首先,利用高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model, GMM)对压电驱动器固有的磁滞特性建模,并根据该模型进行前馈补偿,以消除磁滞非线性对控制精度的影响.其次,建立扩张状态观测器,对所有外部扰动及未建模误差进行观测与补偿,以提高系统的抗扰能力.为了进一步提高系统的跟踪精度与控制带宽,建立状态反馈与零相跟踪前馈控制策略,以优化闭环系统特性.实验结果验证了基于所提磁滞模型建立的抗扰跟踪控制方法的有效性.在0～50 Hz输入信号频率范围内,在给定的测试集内该控制策略下的系统跟踪误差小于2.2%,能够满足目标控制带宽下的高精度跟踪要求.     

一种集成通用高超声速飞行器气动工程预测系统

本文建立了一种面向高超声速飞行器的集成通用气动预测系统.通过引入CAD/CG建模技术实现了复杂飞行器3D几何模型的快速准确建模,并可以利用网络上的共享模型资源直接计算.引入FEM技术和自由网格生成算法,实现了复杂飞行器模型的快速网格生成.设计并开发了通用面元几何分析程序,建立了外法线快速矫正方法.基于面元气动分析理论开发了面元气动分析求解器,实现了面元气动计算和整机气动参数整合,能计算飞行器的气动力、力矩和气动导数.通过软件集成调用技术,将几何建模、面元划分、面元分析、面元气动计算以及后处理集成在统一的软件系统中,实现了高超声速飞行器气动参数的全自动计算与分析.HTV-2和航天飞机的仿真计算结果表明了该系统的有效性.     

Cardiomyokines from the heart

The heart is regarded as an endocrine organ as well as a pump for circulation, since atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were discovered in cardiomyocytes to be secreted as hormones. Both ANP and BNP bind to their receptors expressed on remote organs, such as kidneys and blood vessels; therefore, the heart controls the circulation by pumping blood and by secreting endocrine peptides. Cardiomyocytes secrete other peptides besides natriuretic peptides. Although most of such cardiomyocyte-derived peptides act on the heart in autocrine/paracrine fashions, several peptides target remote organs. In this review, to overview current knowledge of endocrine properties of the heart, we focus on cardiomyocyte-derived peptides (cardiomyokines) that act on the remote organs as well as the heart. Cardiomyokines act on remote organs to regulate cardiovascular homeostasis, systemic metabolism, and inflammation. Therefore, through its endocrine function, the heart can maintain physiological conditions and prevent organ damage under pathological conditions.     

Melatonin,mitochondria and hypertension

Melatonin, due to its multiple means and mechanisms of action, plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the organismal physiology by fine tunning several functions. The cardiovascular system is an important site of action as melatonin regulates blood pressure both by central and peripheral interventions, in addition to its relation with the renin–angiotensin system. Besides, the systemic management of several processes, melatonin acts on mitochondria regulation to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system. Hypertension affects target organs in different ways and cellular energy metabolism is frequently involved due to mitochondrial alterations that include a rise in reactive oxygen species production and an ATP synthesis decrease. The discussion that follows shows the role played by melatonin in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology in several levels of the cardiovascular system, including brain, heart, kidney, blood vessels and, particularly, regulating the renin–angiotensin system. This discussion shows the putative importance of using melatonin as a therapeutic tool involving its antioxidant potential and its action on mitochondrial physiology in the cardiovascular system.     

Cardiac and circulatory control in decapod Crustacea with comparisons to molluscs

Summary In this review I will attempt to identify the circulatory requirements a decapod is likely to encounter and how the heart is controlled to meet these demands. The decapod heart has been designed as an autonomous system endowed with an intrinsic autorhythmic pacemaker ganglion. Muscle fibers are multiply-innervated and capable of producing regenerative action potentials. This vitally important organ has been designed to be nearly fail-safe. Stroke volume is more important than heart rate in determining cardiac output. Stretch sensitivity of the cardiac ganglion and of the myocardium as well as extrinsic nervous and hormonal modulation of the heart can all contribute to changes in stroke volume. It may be advantageous to an animal to switch the circulation between various vascular beds to meet changing perfusion demands. Neuronal and hormonal mechanisms have been identified which exert differential control of the cardioarterial valves, but it is not known whether switching does occur and if so whether these valves participate in the process. Changes in peripheral resistance can also redirect circulatory flow. The circulatory and ventilatory systems demonstrate coordinated rate changes which suggest that the heart is responding to meet changing ventilatory performance requirements. This coupling is controlled both by the hydrostatic pressure pulses generated within the branchial chambers and by common higher level nervous inputs. Comparisons of the cardiovascular systems of crustaceans and molluscs, based on the papers presented at this symposium, are high-lighted.     

Hemodynamics in squid

Summary The difficulties of working on living squid have caused research into their cardiovascular performance to lag behind that done on octopods. Nonetheless, data that we do possess show squid to have cardiovascular capabilities above those of other cephalopods. In general, heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output is higher for squid than for the other coleoids andNautilus. This higher circulatory system capability is in keeping with squid being relatively large, fast-swimming, pelagic cephalopods.     

RhoA/Rho-kinase and vascular diseases: what is the link?

RhoA/Rho-kinase pathway plays an important role in many pathological conditions. RhoA participates in the regulation of smooth muscle tone and activates many downstream kinases. The best characterized are the serine/threonine kinase isoforms (Rho-kinase or ROCK), ROCKα/ROCK2 and ROCKβ/ROCK1. ROCK is necessary for diverse functions such as local blood flow, arterial/pulmonary blood pressure, airway resistance and intestinal peristalsis. ROCK activation permits actin/myosin interactions and smooth muscle cells contraction by maintaining the activity of myosin light-chain kinase, independently of the free cytosolic calcium level. The sensitization of smooth muscle myofilaments to calcium has been implicated in many pathological states, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart attack, stroke, pulmonary hypertension, erectile dysfunction, and cancer. The focus of this review is on the involvement of RhoA/Rho-kinase in diseases. We will briefly describe the ROCK isoforms and the role of RhoA/Rho-kinase in the vasculature, before exploring the most recent findings regarding this pathway and various diseases.     

Cardiac design in lower vertebrates: what can phylogeny reveal about ontogeny?

In very few instances can the cardiovascular systems of adult 'lower' vertebrates serve as direct models for development in 'higher' vertebrates, primarily because numerous evolutionary specializations for preferential distribution of cardiac output between systemic tissues and gas exchange organs occur in the highly derived circulation of most extant lower vertebrates. Yet, the extensive literature on the cardiovascular anatomy and physiology of aquatic and air breathing fishes, amphibians and reptiles offers important conceptual insights into both patterns and mechanisms of development in birds and mammals. The primary contribution of such studies to the student of developing bird and mammal circulations is the clear demonstration that surprisingly complex hemodynamic function can develop from supposedly 'simple' cardiovascular systems typified by incompletely divided heart chambers. Thus, the hemodynamics of embryonic bird and mammal circulations should be determined by measurement, rather than inferred from structure.     

Some species differences in cardiovascular responses to intravenously injected leucine-enkephalin

Summary Studies were conducted to determine the cardiovascular responses to leucine-enkephalin (L-enk) in three different species of animals; rabbit, dog and monkey. All animals were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium after sedation with ketamine. Mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR) were simultaneously monitored. The pressor and HR responses to bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) were determined before injection of L-enk. Increased MBP and HR due to BCO in monkey were significantly greater than in the other two animal groups. Following i.v. injection of L-enk (5–30 g/kg), a significant fall in MBP occurred in all groups in a dose-dependent manner; however, the time course of changes in MBP in rabbits was significantly shorter than that in the other animal groups. Significant in HR after the injection of L-enk occurred in rabbits and dogs, whereas increases in HR occurred in monkeys. These results show that some cardiovascular responses to L-enk may be species dependent. These different cardiovascular responses to L-enk may be at least partly related to species differences in baroreceptor reflex sensitivity.     

Intracerebroventricular angiotensin II increases arterial blood pressure in rhesus monkeys by stimulation of pituitary hormones and the sympathetic nervous system

Summary Intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II in anesthetized rhesus monkeys increase systemic blood pressure and heart rate. These effects are accompanied by an increase in plasma ADH, cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Angiotensin II may participate in central mechanisms of blood pressure regulation by its stimulatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system, on ADH and on ACTH release in primates.     

The performance of the octopus circulatory system: A triumph of engineering over design

Summary Despite the very considerable difficulties presented by the basic molluscan anatomy and the possession of a blood pigment with an oxygen carrying capacity that never exceeds 4.5 vols%, the cephalopod circulatory system contrives to deliver oxygen at a rate fully comparable with that of an active fish. This is achieved by adding accessory pumps to push blood through the gills, by a multiplicity of pulsatile veins and by raising the systemic blood pressure considerably above the levels found in other molluscs. Detailed control of blood distribution is a necessity in a system where the peripheral resistences may be expected to change dramatically when the animal starts to move and large parts of the central nervous system are apparently dedicated to this task. In this account we have reviewed blood pressure and flow at rest and in exercise. We have further examined the evidence which indicates how the animals modulate the cardiac output, drawing attention to the very different response found in cephalopods and the higher vertebrates.     

Hemodynamic studies in acute venous stasis edema in rats

An increase in venous pressure in the rat tail is known to result in acute edema. Acute venous stasis edema of the rat tail was induced by applying a force-controlled banding of standard tension (200 g) proximally for a period of 6-12 h. The hemodynamic changes of acute venous stasis edema were evaluated using non-invasive plethysmography, fluorescence angiography, computer thermography and invasive radioactive microsphere techniques. It is shown here that reduction of tail circulation to 40% of the control value is followed by prolonged vascular disorder characterized by genesis of reversible edema, increased total blood flow to the tail and decreased local cutaneous blood flow, without affecting the general hemodynamics. The cutaneous circulation (decreased blood flow) seems to be principally involved in the edemogenic response, whereas the deeper vessels (hyperemia) may or may not play a determinant role in acute experimental venous stasis edema in rats.