Isothermal oxidation behavior and mechanism of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃

The oxidation behavior of a nickel-based superalloy at 1000℃ in air was investigated through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. A series of oxides, including external oxide scales (Cr₂O₃, (TiO₂ + MnCr₂O₄)) and internal oxides (Al₂O₃,TiN), were formed on the surface or sub-surface of the substrate at 1000℃ in experimental still air. The oxidation resistance of the alloy was dependent on the stability of the surface oxide layer. The continuity and density of the protective Cr₂O₃ scale were affected by minor alloying elements such as Ti and Mn. The outermost oxide scale was composed of TiO₂ rutile and MnCr₂O₄ spinel, and the growth of TiO₂ particles was controlled by the outer diffusion of Ti ions through the pre-existing oxide layer. Severe internal oxidation occurred beneath the external oxide scale, consuming Al and Ti of the strength phase γ' (Ni₃(Al,Ti)) and thereby severely deteriorating the surface mechanical properties. The depth of the internal oxidation region was approximately 35 μm after exposure to experimental air at 1000℃ for 80 h.     

Oxidation behavior of in-situ Al2O3/TiAl composites at 900°C in static air

In-situ Al₂O₃/TiAl composites were successfully synthesized from the starting powders of Ti, Al, TiO₂ and Nb₂O₅. The oxidation behavior of the composites at 900°C in static air was investigated. The results indicate that the composite samples present a much lower oxidation mass gain. Under long-time intensive oxidation exposure, the formed oxide scale is multi-layer. The formation of the outer TiO₂ layer is fine and dense, the internal Al₂O₃ scale has good adhesiveness with the outer TiO₂ scale, and the TiO₂+Al₂O₃ mixed layer forming the protective oxide scale is favorable for the improvement of oxidation resistance. It is believed that the incorporation of Al₂O₃ particulates into the metal matrix decreases the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate, and forms a local three-dimensional network structure that can hold the oxide scale. The formation of the oxide scale with finer particle size, stronger adherence, less micro-defects and slower growth rate can contribute to the improvement of oxidation resistance. Nb element plays an important role in reducing the internal oxidation action of the materials, restraining the growth of TiO₂ crystals and promoting the stable formation of the Al₂O₃-riched layer, which is beneficial to improve the oxidation properties.     

Dissolution of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>TiO<Subscript>5</Subscript> inclusions in CaO-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> slags at 1823 K

Al-Ti-O inclusions always clog submerged nozzles in Ti-bearing Al-killed steel. A typical synthesized Al₂TiO₅ inclusion was immersed in a CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ molten slag for different durations at 1823 K. The Al₂TiO₅ dissolution paths and mechanism were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Decreased amounts of Ti and Al and increased amounts of Si and Ca at the dissolution boundary prove that inclusion dissolution and slag penetration simultaneously occur. SiO₂ diffuses or penetrates the inclusion more quickly than CaO, as indicated by the w(CaO)/w(SiO₂) value in the reaction region. A liquid product (containing 0.7–1.2 w(CaO)/w(SiO₂), 15wt%–20wt% Al₂O₃, and 5wt%–15wt% TiO₂) forms on the inclusion surface when Al₂TiO₅ is dissolved in the slag. Al₂TiO₅ initially dissolves faster than the diffusion rate of the liquid product toward the bulk slag. With increasing reaction time, the boundary reaches its largest distance, the Al₂TiO₅ dissolution rate equals the liquid product diffusion rate, and the dissolution process remains stable until the inclusion is completely dissolved.     

Corrosion behavior of ferritic ODS steel prepared by adding YH_2 nanoparticles in supercritical water at 600 °C

The corrosion behavior of the ferritic oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)steel(14Cr-3Al-2W-0.1Ti)prepared by adding YH_2nanoparticles(NPs)was investigated in supercritical water(SCW)at 600°C for 1500 h.The mass gain of the ODS steel(215.5 mg/dm~2)was lower than that of SUS430 steel(357.2 mg/dm~2).A dual oxide layer generated on the surface of ODS steel after corrosion in SCW.The outer layer was composed of Fe_2O_3and Fe_3O_4,while the inner layer composed of the spinel-type FeCr_2O_4together with Al_2O_3.The generation of Y_2Ti_2O_7NPs in the ODS steel by adding YH_2NPs prohibits the formation of Y-Al-O particles and leaves more Al available to form a continuous protective oxide scale to improve the corrosion resistance.Moreover,the Y_2Ti_2O_7NPs act as efficient barriers to suppress the outward diffusion of metal atoms.This novel ODS steel shows potential applications in supercritical water.     

镍基合金CMSX-4在3.5wt.% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为

研究二代镍基合金CMSX-4在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,对该类合金在海洋性环境条件下的应用具有深远意义。通过动电位极化方法研究室温条件下镍基合金CMSX-4在3.5 wt.% NaCl溶液中的电化学行为,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）和X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）对合金表面阳极腐蚀产物进行微观形貌观察及成分分析。研究表明,CMSX-4合金具有一定的钝化能力,钝化区间比较宽广;在镍基合金CMSX-4表面上形成的腐蚀产物可大致分为两层,表层主要由Ni （OH）₂、Cr （OH）₃、Co （OH）₂和Al （OH）₃等氢氧化物组成,内层主要分布着NiO、Al₂O₃、CoO、Cr₂O₃和CrO₃等氧化物及组成合金基体的各种金属;由Ni （OH）₂和Cr （OH）₃等氢氧化物组成的腐蚀产物膜外层能够在腐蚀介质和金属之间产生较好的屏蔽效果;构成腐蚀产物膜内层的NiO、Al₂O₃、Cr₂O₃和CrO₃等氧化物有利于产物膜内层与外层之间建立一定的空间电荷区,对稳定腐蚀产物内层有很大帮助。研究表明CMSX-4合金在海洋性环境中具有一定的耐蚀性能。     

Oxidation behavior of the Fe-36Al-0.09C-0.09B-0.04Zr alloy at 1250°C

To explore and study the Fe-Al system alloy presenting exceptional oxidation resistance at high temperature, the Fe-36Al-0.09C-0.09B-0.04Zr alloy was designed and developed. The microstructure and hardness of the backing at 1250°C were analyzed and measured. Thermodynamics and kinetics of the oxidation behavior were also analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The results show that the microstructure of the Fe-36Al-0.09C-0.09B-0.04Zr alloy is FeAl phase at ambient temperature and is stable at 1250°C. It displays the excellent property of oxidation resistance because the oxide film has only the Al₂O₃ layer, and its oxidation kinetics curve obeys the parabolic law at 1250°C. The oxidation mechanism at 1250°C is presumed that in the early oxidation period, the alloy oxidizes to form a large number of Al₂O₃ and a little Fe₂O₃, then, the enrichment of Al caused by Fe oxidization combines with O to form Al₂O₃.     

Fabrication of Fe–TiC–Al2O3 composites on the surface of steel using a TiO2–Al–C–Fe combustion reaction induced by gas tungsten arc cladding

The aim of the present study was to fabricate Fe–TiC–Al₂O₃ composites on the surface of medium carbon steel. For this purpose, TiO₂–3C and 3TiO₂–4Al–3C–xFe (0 ≤ x ≤ 4.6 by mole) mixtures were pre-placed on the surface of a medium carbon steel plate. The mixtures and substrate were then melted using a gas tungsten arc cladding process. The results show that the martensite forms in the layer produced by the TiO₂–3C mixture. However, ferrite–Fe₃C–TiC phases are the main phases in the microstructure of the clad layer produced by the 3TiO₂–4Al–3C mixture. The addition of Fe to the TiO₂–4Al–3C reactants with the content from 0 to 20wt% increases the volume fraction of particles, and a composite containing approximately 9vol% TiC and Al₂O₃ particles forms. This composite substantially improves the substrate hardness. The mechanism by which Fe particles enhance the TiC + Al₂O₃ volume fraction in the composite is determined.     

医用Ti6Al7Nb合金氧化行为及其磨损性能

为提高生物医用Ti6Al7Nb合金表面的耐磨损性能,研究了在500~800℃空气中的热氧化行为以及其改善的磨损性能.研究结果表明:500~600℃氧化速率低,表面硬度较基体变化不大.在750℃以上,氧化速度增加,氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,氧化物主要由TiO2和少量Al2O3组成.在800℃时,氧化物颗粒长大,氧化层疏松,极易剥落.综合考虑硬化层深度和氧化时间,得出最佳热氧化工艺参数为750℃氧化8 h.在此工艺下处理的钛合金表面硬度达到1 047 HV,耐磨性是原合金材料的280倍.分析了合金氧化后耐磨损性能的提高机制.     

Fabrication of an r-Al2Ti intermetallic matrix composite reinforced with α-Al2O3 ceramic by discontinuous mechanical milling for thermite reaction

In this study, a powder mixture with an Al/TiO2 molar ratio of 10/3 was used to form an r-Al2Ti intermetallic matrix composite (IMC) reinforced withα-Al2O3 ceramic by a novel milling technique, called ...     

Effect of crystal field on the formation and diffusion of oxygen vacancy at anatase (101) surface and sub-surface

The intrinsic oxygen vacancy (O_v) in TiO₂ is a vital topic of semiconductor materials. Here, we use the first-principles calculations to explore the formation and diffusion properties of O_v at anatase (101) slab, combined with the crystal filed theory. The calculated result shows that O_v at subsurface is not only more stable than that at surface, but also prefers to cluster together at subsurface. The stability of O_v at subsurface is mainly attributed to the Ti3d orbitals in different crystal fields occupied by the excess electrons. Further calculation reveals that the O_v diffusion is greatly affected by the excess electrons. These results presented here show the importance of 3d orbitals in different crystal field, which should be helpful to understand the behavior of O_v at other transition metal oxide.     

ZrO2陶瓷表面Cu-Ti复合渗镀研究

应用加弧辉光复合渗镀技术和自制Cu-Ti二元金属复合靶,对ZrO2陶瓷表面进行Cu-Ti复合渗镀。采用X射线能量色散谱分析(EDS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)面扫描、X射线衍射(XRD)、声发射划痕等试验方法对渗镀层的元素组成、成分分布、相组成、界面结合强度进行分析测试。结果表明渗镀层中存在Cu、Ti及Fe元素,各组分分布较为均匀,没有明显的成分偏聚现象;渗镀层由Cu2Ti、Cu2Ti4O、Ti8O15组成;渗镀层与陶瓷基体结合良好,在100 N最大载荷下未出现剥离和崩落现象。     

Sr4Al14O25:Eu长余辉发光的特性研究

对Ｓｒ４Ａｌ１４Ｏ２５：Ｅｕ的激光发光谱、发射光谱、长余辉发光的特性和耐光性进行系统的研究，并与传统的ＺｎＳ：Ｃｕ夜光粉进行了性能对比，结果表明：Ｓｒ４Ａｌ１４Ｏ２５：Ｅｕ是一种性能更加优良的长余辉发光材料。     

Al2O3/Ti(C，N)-Ni-Ti陶瓷刀具的切削性能

研究了Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti陶瓷复合刀具对淬硬35CrMo合金钢进行连续干切削时各切削参数对切削力的影响.结果表明:切削深度对切削力的影响最显著,切削速度的影响最小.对比研究了Al2O3/Ti(C,N)和Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti陶瓷刀具的耐磨性能和磨损形态:后者的耐磨性能明显优于前者,其中Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-5%(Ni,Ti)的耐磨性能最高.Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-Ni-Ti刀具的磨损形态主要表现为后刀面的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,由于这种材料具有较高的弯曲强度和断裂韧性,能有效防止前刀面出现崩刃破损现象,因此具有较高的可靠性,适用于高速切削.在高速切削条件(ap=006mm,vc=2549m/min,vf=009mm/r)下,Al2O3/Ti(C,N)-5%(Ni,Ti)刀具的切削耐用度为150min.     

水热体系下二氧化钛与氧化石墨烯复合纳米晶的合成

 200 ℃下四方结构的二氧化钛(TiO2)与氧化石墨烯(GO)复合纳米晶在一个装有适量钛酸四丁酯、无水乙醇、氧化石墨烯和蒸馏水的密闭的水热釜中加热12 h后被制备。X射线粉末衍射仪（XRD)、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等一系列分析仪器被运用来揭示二氧化钛与氧化石墨烯复合纳米晶是由粒径大约160 nm的四方结构的二氧化钛纳米晶与氧化石墨烯复合而成,通过紫外吸收对其光学性能进行了必要的测试。
     

Phase transformation behavior of titanium during carbothermic reduction of titanomagnetite ironsand

The reduction of titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsand, which contains 11.41wt% TiO₂ and 55.63wt% total Fe, by graphite was performed using a thermogravimetric analysis system under an argon gas atmosphere at 1423–1623 K. The behavior and effects of titanium in TTM ironsand during the reduction process were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During the reduction procedure, the titanium concentrated in the slag phase, where the phase transformation followed this sequence: FeO + FeTiO₃ → Fe₂TiO₄ → FeTiO₃ → FeTi₂O₅ → TiO₂. The calculated results for the reduction kinetics showed that the carbothermic reduction was controlled by the diffusion of ions through the product layer. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was 170.35 kJ·mol-1.     

Clogging behavior of submerged entry nozzles for Ti-bearing IF steel

The nozzle clogging behavior of Ti-bearing IF steel was studied by metallographic analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the experimental results, nozzle clogging primarily appears three layers. There are a lot of large-sized iron particles in the inner layer and mainly slag phase in the middle and outer layers. The principal clog constituents of the inner layer are loose alumina cluster inclusions and granular shaped alumina inclusions, containing iron particles. The clog constituents of the middle layer are mainly dendrite alumina inclusions. The primary phases existing in nozzle clogging are FeO·TiO₂ and FeO·Al₂O₃ besides α-Al₂O₃ and α-Fe. The FeO·TiO₂ phases among the deposits adhere the deposits together firmly enough to lead to the inferior castability of Ti-bearing ultra low carbon steel compared with that of Ti-free low carbon Al-killed steel.     

Oxidation and interdiffusion behavior of a germanium-modified silicide coating on an Nb-Si-based alloy

To investigate the interdiffusion behavior of Ge-modified silicide coatings on an Nb-Si-based alloy substrate, the coating was oxidized at 1250℃ for 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 h. The interfacial diffusion between the (Nb,X)(Si,Ge)₂ (X=Ti, Cr, Hf) coating and the Nb-Si based alloy was also examined. The transitional layer is composed of (Ti,Nb)₅(Si,Ge)₄ and a small amount of (Nb,X)₅(Si,Ge)₃. With increasing oxidation time, the thickness of the transitional layer increases because of the diffusion of Si from the outer layer to the substrate, which obeys a parabolic rate law. The parabolic growth rate constant of the transitional layer under oxidation conditions is 2.018 μm·h-1/2. Moreover, the interdiffusion coefficients of Si in the transitional layer were determined from the interdiffusion fluxes calculated directly from experimental concentration profiles.     

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of LiNi0.8Al0.2−xTixO2 cathode materials by an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method

A new co-precipitation route was proposed to synthesize LiNi_0.8Al_0.2−xTi_xO₂ (x=0.0-0.20) cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, with Ni(NO₃)₂, Al(NO₃)₃, LiOH·H₂O, and TiO₂ as the starting materials. Ultrasonic vibration was used during preparing the precursors, and the precursors were protected by absolute ethanol before calcination in the air. The influences of doped-Ti content, calcination temperature and time, additional Li content, and ultrasonic vibration on the structure and properties of LiNi_0.8Al_0.2−xTi_xO₂ were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and charge-discharge tests, respectively. The results show that the optimal molar fraction of Ti, calcination temperature and time, and additional molar fraction of Li for LiNi_0.8Al_0.2−xTi_xO₂ cathode materials are 0.1, 700°C, 20 h, and 0.05, respectively. Ti doping facilitates the formation of the α-NaFeO₂ layered structure, and ultrasonic vibration improves the electrochemical performance of LiNi_0.8Al_0.2−xTi_xO₂.     

Formation mechanism of an aluminium-based chemical conversion coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy

An environmentally clean aluminium-based conversion coating on AZ91D magnesium alloy was studied in aluminium nitrate solutions. The morphology, composition, structure, and formation mechanism of the coating were investigated in detail using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersion spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and electrochemical corrosion tests. The results show that the conversion coating is composed of magnesium, aluminium, and oxygen, and shows an amorphous structure. In the initial stage of coating formation, the grain-like nucleus is composed of Al₁₀O₁₅·xH₂O, (Al₂O₃)_5.333, Al₂O₃, AlO(OH), MgAl₂O₄, (Mg_0.88Al_0.12)(Al_0.94Mg_0.06)₂O₄, and (Mg_0.68Al_0.32)(Al_0.84Mg_0.16)₂O₄. The conversion coating formed in the 0.01 mol/L aluminium nitrate solution for 15 min can improve the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy greatly. The discussion reveals that the possible formation mechanism for the aluminium-based conversion coating is the reduction reaction on micro-cathodic sites due to the electrochemically heterogeneous magnesium alloy substrate.     

Microstructural characterization of as-cast and homogenized 2D70 aluminum alloy

The microstructure of the as-cast 2D70 aluminum alloy and its evolution during homogenization were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results indicate that the microstructure of the as-cast 2D70 aluminum alloy mainly consists of the dendritic network of aluminum solid solution and intermetallic compounds (Al₂CuMg, Al₂Cu, Al₉FeNi, Cu₂FeAl₇, and Al₇Cu₄Ni). After conventional homogenization, Al/Al₂CuMg eutectic phases are dissolved into the matrix, and a small amount of high melting-point eutectic Al/Al₂Cu phases exist in the matrix, resulting in an increase in the starting melting temperature. Under double homogenization, the high melting point Al/Al₂Cu phases are dissolved, and no obvious change is observed for the size and morphology of Al₉FeNi, Cu₂FeAl₇, and Al₇CuaNi compounds.