反溶剂法优化制备高效钙钛矿太阳电池

基于反溶剂一步溶液旋涂法制备FA_0.5MA_0.5PbI₃薄膜,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、原子力显微镜（AFM）对钙钛矿薄膜进行了测试.测试结果表明的反溶剂滴加时间和滴加的剂量对钙钛矿的结晶的晶粒尺寸和表面形貌有显著影响.合适的反溶剂滴加时间基础上合适的滴加剂量可以形成微米量级的钙钛矿晶粒.最终制备的钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率达到最佳为7.42%.     

反溶剂两步法制备TiO_2/CH_3NH_3PbI_3钙钛矿太阳能电池

一种基于钙钛矿结构碘铅甲胺薄膜太阳能电池由于成本低、光电效率高而成为研究热点.本文介绍一种反溶剂两步法制备平整均一钙钛矿薄膜太阳能电池的新工艺,即在旋涂碘化铅的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶液时立刻滴加反溶剂氯苯,从而促进结晶.对器件和薄膜的分析显示该技术在旋涂时改变了钙钛矿成核和晶体生长动力学,其有利于制备出平整均一的钙钛矿薄膜.利用该方法制备的固态介孔结构太阳能电池,其效率达到了12.081%(在标准太阳光条件下测试),且电池的工艺重复性明显提升.     

染料敏化太阳电池TiO_2溶胶制备及其条件研究

利用钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,乙酰丙酮为螯合剂,异丙醇为溶剂,制备了TiO2溶胶并对其制备条件进行了分析,实验表明,采用滴加水的方式可得到稳定溶胶;在碱性条件下,能得到粒径可控的单一锐钛矿TiO2晶型;用乙酰丙酮作抑制剂,异丙醇作为溶剂可得到稳定的溶胶.     

反溶剂重结晶法制备阿奇霉素超细粉体

采用反溶剂重结晶法进行了阿奇霉素微粉化实验研究。系统考察了药物溶液质量浓度、溶剂反溶剂比例、搅拌时间、干燥方式等因素对产品形貌和粒度的影响。得到较优的制备工艺条件为：药物溶液质量浓度0.2 g/mL、溶剂反溶剂体积比1:20及搅拌时间10 min,可制备出平均粒径为 270 nm的药物颗粒,经喷雾干燥可得粒径为2~5 μm的阿奇霉素超细粉体。采用扫描电镜、比表面积测试、红外光谱分析和体外溶出实验对原料药及产品性质进行分析表征,分析结果表明,阿奇霉素超细粉体化学结构不变,且比表面积增大8倍,溶解速率明显提高。     

聚合物前驱体法合成La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ纳米粉体

采用聚合物前驱体法,以硝酸盐为原料,乙二醇为溶剂,甘氨酸为螯合剂制备La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ前驱体溶胶及其纳米粉体,考察甘氨酸用量、溶胶蒸发温度及时间对溶胶稳定性的影响。结果表明:当甘氨酸和总金属离子物质的量之比为1∶1时,65℃蒸发48 h可得到均匀、稳定的前驱体溶胶;所得凝胶在700℃下烧结5 h可得到平均粒径为54.4 nm的纯钙钛矿型粉体。     

前驱体溶液浓度对LaNiO3薄膜结构及导电性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法,使用浓度分别为0.1 M、0.2 M和0.3 M的前驱体溶液,在单晶Si(100)衬底上制备了LaNiO3(LNO)导电薄膜,研究了前驱体溶液浓度对LNO薄膜结构和导电性能的影响.X射线衍射测试表明,三种样品均为纯的钙钛矿相,具有较好的(110)择优取向.扫描电子显微镜截面分析显示,用0.2 M前驱体溶液制备的LNO薄膜样品厚度均匀,与Si衬底间没有明显扩散.采用标准四探针法测试了三种样品的电阻率,当前驱体溶液浓度为0.2 M时,样品电阻率最小,仅为2.08×10-3Ω.cm,具有良好的导电性.     

改性的共沉淀法制备Nd:YAG纳米粉体及透明陶瓷

以乙醇和水混合溶液为沉淀液溶剂,用改性的共沉淀方法,制备了YAG前驱体. 利用DTA-TG, XRD, TEM对Nd:YAG的相变过程及粉体形貌进行分析. 结果表明：醇水溶剂共沉淀法制备的前驱体经900℃焙烧2 h,可直接转变成纯相的Nd:YAG. 在1100 ℃焙烧前驱体2 h ,可获得结晶良好、分散性好、平均粒径约为40 nm的Nd:YAG粉体. 使用0.5wt%的TEOS作为烧结添加剂,1750 ℃真空烧结5 h后,得到结构完善,平均粒径～5 μm的Nd:YAG透明陶瓷.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2凝胶的影响因素及方法改进

研究了溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2溶胶的胶凝过程,以钛酸丁酯为前驱物,无水乙醇为溶剂,分析了反应物滴加速率、溶胶液pH值、反应底物配比、反应温度、无机酸以及螯合剂的种类对凝胶形成时间的影响,得出了适宜的凝胶制备条件,并对制备稳定均一TiO2凝胶的方法进行了分析和改进.     

反溶剂重结晶法制备多晶型比卡鲁胺

采用反溶剂重结晶法制备多晶型比卡鲁胺,通过改变重结晶过程中所使用的溶剂,对比单一溶剂和共溶剂对所制得晶体的晶型和颗粒形貌差别,探索最优化的共溶剂类型和体积比参数,以达到将比卡鲁胺原料药进行晶型纯化的目的。在反溶剂重结晶过程中采用共溶剂制备比卡鲁胺晶体发现：共溶剂（二甲基亚砜＋乙醇）以及（丙酮＋乙醇）可制备比卡鲁胺晶型I,并通过调节共溶剂中乙醇的用量可得到粒度均一,分散性好的I型比卡鲁胺。     

前驱体溶液pH值对溶胶凝胶制备钛酸铋薄膜的影响

采用溶胶凝胶技术在石英玻璃基片上制备钛酸铋薄膜,讨论了前驱体溶液的酸碱度（ｐＨ值）对薄膜结构和结晶性的影响．ｐＨ＜２和ｐＨ＞３５的前驱体溶液所制备的薄膜在晶化过程中出现Ｂｉ２Ｔｉ２Ｏ７和Ｂｉ２Ｔｉ４Ｏ１１杂相．ｐＨ＝２５～３５的前驱体溶液制备的薄膜是钙钛矿Ｂｉ４Ｔｉ３Ｏ１２结构的取向薄膜     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.