SO2-4对含Cl-溶液中316 L奥氏体不锈钢钝化行为及点蚀行为的影响

利用动电位极化、电化学阻抗、恒电位极化以及恒电流极化等电化学测试手段,并结合扫描电镜进行点蚀形态观察,探究了含Cl-溶液中SO2-4浓度对316L奥氏体不锈钢的钝化行为及点蚀行为的影响.结果表明,含Cl-溶液中SO2-4的加入能够使316L不锈钢钝化区变宽,使点蚀电位变正,维钝电流密度降低,进而提高316L的耐点蚀能力.但是在点蚀发生后,随着SO2-4浓度的升高,点蚀内部和边缘形态表现出更为复杂的趋势,蚀坑的周长面积比明显增大.     

Study on pitting process of 316L stainless steel by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Pitting corrosion of 316L stainless steel in NaCl solution was investigated by means of staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SPEIS). The investigation focused on the transition of stainless steel from the passive state to pitting corrosion. Based on the evolution of electrical parameters of the equivalent electrical circuit, it is suggested that the most probable mechanism of pit creation is the film breaking model. The result demonstrates that staircase potential electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is an effective method for the investigation of pitting corrosion.     

晶界特征分布对304不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

通过5%的冷轧变形及在1 100 ℃退火5 min,使304不锈钢中的低ΣCSL晶界比例从固溶处理后的49%提高到75%（Palumbo-Aust标准）.采用C型环样品恒定加载方法,在pH值为1.5的沸腾25%NaCl酸化溶液中进行应力腐蚀实验,低ΣCSL晶界比例为75%的样品在浸泡120 h内没有发生应力腐蚀开裂,而低ΣCSL晶界比例为47%的试样在浸泡24 h后就产生了应力腐蚀裂纹.由断口形貌观察及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析表明,开始发生的晶间腐蚀会成为后来应力腐蚀开裂的裂纹源,应力腐蚀开裂由最初的沿晶转变为穿晶形式.低ΣCSL晶界比例提高后的试样因其抗晶间腐蚀性能较好,抑制了在Cl^-环境下应力腐蚀裂纹的萌生,因而提高了抗应力腐蚀性能.     

AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢在摸拟人体组织液中腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生的初步研究

AISI316L奥氏体不锈钢是较常用的金属植入材料之一.但在临床应用中,由它制成的植入物特别是全髋关节,常因腐蚀疲劳破断而失效.本文对316L不锈钢在Hank’s溶液中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹萌生机理进行了初步研究.结果发现,在Hank’s溶液中,自然钝化的316L不锈钢在稳定钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是由交变应力引起的微观塑性变形和Hank’s溶液交互作用的结果;在有点蚀产生的非钝化态下,裂纹的萌生是点蚀和腐蚀疲劳相叠加的结果.316L不锈钢经离子氮化表面处理后,提高了在Hank’s溶液中的抗点蚀能力,但在外加腐蚀电位的苛刻条件下,困氮化层发生晶间腐蚀和脱落而加速了裂纹的萌生     

有关“二次钝化”现象的探讨

本文对采用恒电位法测定奥氏体不锈钢316L在NaCl溶液中的阳极极化曲线时产生“二次钝化”的现象进行了研究。在对实验进行分析的基础上,提出把Prazak的“二次钝化”理论的适用范围扩大到点蚀过程;并引用Prazak的理论对NaCl溶液中316L不锈钢的“二次钝化”现象进行了分析讨论。结论认为:“二次钝化”现象只有在特定的材料,介质和环境条件下才能产生。尽管在“二次钝化”发生时,在H_2SO_4溶液中发生的是不锈钢表面膜的过钝化溶解过程,而在NaCl溶液中发生的是点蚀过程,但产生“二次钝化”的机理是相同的。     

两次动电位极化中316L不锈钢孔蚀参数的变化

以0.01mol/L NaCl溶液中的316L不锈钢为研究对象,采用慢速动电位扫描法研究了第一次极化只发生亚稳态孔蚀、同时发生亚稳态和稳态孔蚀两种条件对再次极化时小孔形核与生长的影响。结果表明,两种极化条件对不锈钢再次极化时的孔蚀行为的影响并不明显;两种极化条件下的第一次极化均导致材料表面活性点显著减少,从而再次极化后亚稳孔形核数目明显减少,同时亚稳态孔蚀电位和稳定孔蚀电位都有所升高;两种极化条件下的第二次极化过程中产生的亚稳态小孔的峰值电流和平均生长速度与初次极化相比有所增大,其原因主要是第二次极化的电位范围更高。     

Preparation of high-performance ultrafine-grained AISI 304L stainless steel under high temperature and pressure

Bulk ultra-fine grained (UFG) AISI 304L stainless steel with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) method using nanocrystalline AISI 304L stainless steel powders obtained from ball milling. Samples were sintered in high-pressure conditions using the highest martensite content of AISI 304L stainless steel powders milled for 25 h. Analyses of phase composition and grain size were accomplished by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. By comparing the reverse martensite transformation under vacuum and HTHP treat, we consider that pressure can effectively promote the change in the process of transformation. Compared with the solid-solution-treated 304L, the hardness and yield strength of the samples sintered under HTHP are considerably higher. This method of preparation of UFG bulk stainless steel may be widely popularised and used to obtain UFG metallic materials with good comprehensive performance.     

水溶液中苯酚电化学聚合膜的耐蚀性研究

应用电化学法从苯酚水溶液中制取聚苯酚膜并对其进行了耐蚀性研究。以304不锈钢为电极,Na₂SO₄为电解质,电化学法处理苯酚水溶液,阳极不锈钢表面覆有膜状反应产物,红外分析证实该产物中含有聚苯酚。采用点蚀电位法评判不同反应条件下形成的聚苯酚膜的耐蚀性能,结果表明在0.1mol/L苯酚与0.1mol/L硫酸钠的混合水溶液中、2.4V槽电压、常温、反应1h后形成的聚苯酚膜的耐蚀性能最好。采用扫描电镜分析不同反应时间下形成的聚苯酚膜,结果表明聚苯酚膜以层状方式生长,形成的片层叠加结构有利于提高聚苯酚膜的耐蚀性。     

醋酸介质中T-403塔不锈钢填料腐蚀机理研究

某化工厂PTA装置氧化单元系统中铁离子含量增高，已影响到氧化反应效果，严重威胁稳定生产，分析认为铁离子主要来自T-403溶剂回收塔316L不锈钢填料的腐蚀．利用扫描电镜、电子探针、金相显微镜等现代物理和化学分析检测手段，观察了从T-403塔取出填料的微观形貌，测试分析了所用填料的主要化学成分及元素分布，对比了未使用和已腐蚀填料的金相显微结构、力学性能变化，研究分析了不锈钢填料的腐蚀机理．实验结果表明：不锈钢填料发生了严重的局部腐蚀，腐蚀形态为晶间腐蚀和小孔腐蚀．填料发生腐蚀后，强度和硬度明显降低．测试分析结果证明，贫铬导致晶间腐蚀，Br以及不锈钢钝化膜局部破损造成蚀孔．原填料质量存在问题，不锈钢填料的含碳量未达到超低碳316L不锈钢的标准．     

304 L不锈钢焊缝在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的点蚀行为

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱、Mott-Schottky曲线等电化学方法研究了以308 L为焊丝的304 L不锈钢焊接接头在不同氯离子含量的混凝土模拟孔隙液中腐蚀行为和电化学规律。随Cl-增加,304 L不锈钢焊接接头的三个区域(母材、焊缝和热影响区)在混凝土模拟孔隙液中的自腐蚀电位、点蚀电位及电荷转移电阻降低,钝化膜中载流子密度和焊接接头的点蚀坑数量增加。在同浓度的腐蚀溶液中,308 L的焊缝区域耐蚀性最佳,热影响区次之,304 L基体表现出低的电荷转移电阻和高的掺杂浓度使得母材的耐蚀性最差。     

钝化预处理对316L不锈钢在漂液中电化学腐蚀性能的影响

采用电化学测试、SEM分析等方法,研究了316 L不锈钢在质量分数为30%的浓硝酸溶液及98%硫酸+20 g/L硝酸钾混合液两种钝化剂预处理后的特性,以及在ClO2漂液中的电化学抗腐蚀性能。结果表明,316 L不锈钢在25℃、30%硝酸介质中处理30 min时抗点蚀能力ΔE可达到773 mV,钝化效果较好。EIS图谱表明:316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中具有双容抗弧特征,钝化处理容抗弧半径较未钝化的增大,处理后的316 L不锈钢在60℃出现了Warburg阻抗;钝化膜的外层电阻和内层电阻均比未钝化的大。经钝化处理后的316 L不锈钢在ClO2漂液中的受腐蚀速率较未钝化的降低近一半,与钛材相比耐蚀性较差,但能在一定条件下起到减缓腐蚀的作用。     

304不锈钢拉伸变形过程中的马氏体相变

通过单向拉伸实验,研究了304不锈钢在不同应变量及不同应变速率下的马氏体含量与力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:在室温下,当应变速率为3×10-3s-1时,该材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度分别为220及1 260MPa,延伸率为57%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数为55%;当应变速率增加到3×10-1s-1时,虽然该材料的屈服强度增至370MPa,但是抗拉强度下降至1 000MPa,延伸率则下降至42%,变形后样品中的马氏体体积分数下降至21%.上述结果说明,该304不锈钢的塑性变形能力与其中的马氏体体积分数密切相关,应变诱导马氏体相变是该钢种的主要变形机制.     

Passivation method of 317L stainless steel used in medicine

The electrochemical performance of 317L stainless steel used in medicine under different conditions of passivation (different contents of HNO₃ solution, different passivation time and different passivation temperatures) was studied. The results show that the pitting potential of 317L stainless steel used in medicine can reach about 1.0 V (SCE) when electrochemically tested in 0.9% NaCl solution after the steel was passivated in 30% HNO₃ solution at 35℃ for 6 h, which indicates that the passivation film has a relatively strong resistance to corrosion. The results also show that the corrosion resistance of the passivation film on the surface of 317SS can be increased after suitable amount of K₂Cr₂O₇ is added into HNO₃ passivation solution.     

Constituent phases of the passive film formed on 2205 stainless steel by dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The passive film formed on 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) in 0.5 M NaHCO₃+0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution was characterized by electrochemical measurements, including potentiodynamic anodic polarization and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). The results demonstrate that there is a great difference between the passive film evolutions of ferrite and austenite. The impedance values of ferrite are higher than those of austenite. The impedance peaks of ferritic and austenitic phases correspond to the potential of 0.15 and 0.25 V in the low potential range and correspond to 0.8 and 0.75 V in the high potential range. The evolutions of the capacitance of both phases are reverse compared to the evolutions of impedance. The thickness variations obtained from capacitance agree well with those of impedance analysis. The results can be used to explain why pitting corrosion occurs more easily in austenite phase than in ferrite phase.     

节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的组织及性能

研究了节镍无磁不锈钢Cr18Ni6Mn3N的热轧及固溶后的力学性能和耐蚀性能,分析了其固溶和时效析出后的组织演变规律、冷变形过程中形变诱发马氏体相变及其磁性能.结果表明:该不锈钢的固溶组织为单相奥氏体,其力学性能和耐蚀性能均高于SUS304不锈钢;800℃保温4 h后,在晶界析出粒状氮化物,随着保温时间延长,逐渐沿晶界凸起片层状析出物并向晶内生长,保温20 h后,凸出的片层状析出物直径达20μm.冷轧压下率18.3%时尚未发现形变诱发马氏体组织,随着变形量增大,马氏体含量增多,磁导率上升,但与相同条件下的SUS304不锈钢相比,冷轧板固溶后相对磁导率可降至1.002,因此可用于低成本无磁不锈钢领域.     

304和316L不锈钢的高温电化学腐蚀行为

通过模拟压水堆一回路水环境,研究了溶液温度和溶氧量(DO)对304和316L不锈钢高温电化学腐蚀行为的影响.结果表明:随着溶液温度升高,在304和316L不锈钢表面所形成的氧化膜的保护性能降低;随着DO升高,304和316L不锈钢的自腐蚀电位升高,自腐蚀电流密度降低,钝化区缩小;304和316L不锈钢表面形成了双层氧化膜,外层氧化膜颗粒尺寸和颗粒间隙随着温度的升高而增大,随着DO增加而减小;在所用实验条件下,316L不锈钢表现出比304更优异的抗腐蚀性能.     

渗钛合金层对316L不锈钢晶间腐蚀性能的影响

采用等离子表面合金化技术在316L不锈钢表面进行渗钛处理,对渗层的结构及其晶间腐蚀性能进行了分析,结果表明,在温度为1000℃、保温时间为3.5h的渗钛条件下形成了表面改性合金层。在不锈钢10%草酸浸蚀试验中,316L不锈钢基体呈现七类凹坑组织Ⅱ晶间腐蚀;而渗钛合金层几乎没有发生晶间腐蚀,显著提高了316L不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀性能。     

高温渗氮工艺对无镍不锈钢模拟体液环境下耐蚀性的影响

文章采用高温渗氮工艺得到高氮无镍不锈钢,以提高医用不锈钢的安全性和耐蚀性。实验结果表明:渗氮层氮质量分数可达1.0%,与原材料相比氮质量分数增加了2倍;在0.9%NaCl生理盐水和模拟血浆溶液中具有优异的耐蚀性,在加热温度1 200℃、氮气压力0.3MPa、保温时间24h条件下得到的高氮奥氏体不锈钢在0.9%NaCl生理盐水中的点蚀电位约1 200mV,大大高于渗氮前(约320mV)的水平。     

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels

Pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion behaviors of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels (HNSS) were investigated by electrochemical and immersion testing methods in chloride solution, respectively. The chemical constitution and composition in the depth of passive films formed on HNSS were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS). HNSS has excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to 316L stainless steel. With increasing the nitrogen content in steels, pitting potentials and critical pitting temperature (CPT) increase, and the maximum, average pit depths and average weight loss decrease. The CPT of HNSS is correlated with the alloying element content through the measure of alloying for resistance to corrosion (MARC). The MARC can be expressed as an equation of CPT=2.55MARC-29. XPS results show that HNSS exhibiting excellent corrosion resistance is attributed to the enrichment of nitrogen on the surface of passive films, which forms ammonium ions increasing the local pH value and facilitating repassivation, and the synergistic effects of molybdenum and nitrogen.     

316L不锈钢表面改性技术研究进展与展望

316L不锈钢是一种非常典型的奥氏体不锈钢,被广泛地用于石油、化工、电力、交通、航空、航海、能源开发以及轻工、医药等领域,它的耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、疲劳强度和亲水性等表面特性影响了不锈钢的使用。本文列举了传统不锈钢表面改性的常用方法,综述了现今316L不锈钢表面改性的各种途径及研究成果,并且展望了316L不锈钢表面改性的研究趋势。