干馏松焦油在钙基催化剂作用下的裂解燃烧特性

为提高耐火材料组分的焦油催化裂解作用,对松焦油与不同钙基催化剂添加物试样进行燃烧条件下的热重实验,并对催化剂作用下焦油的组分、着火性、稳燃及燃尽性进行分析.研究结果表明:钙基催化剂不能改善干馏松焦油的着火性,但对焦油具有良好的催化重整作用,使得干馏松焦油的燃尽特性指数由46.85×10-4 min-1迅速下降到(20.73～24.12)×10-4 min-1;燃烧生成的CO2与CaO的作用有利于促进燃烧,CaCO3则促进了焦油中重质烃成分与轻质烃成分中碳元素的交换,使焦油组分更趋一致.     

原位捕集CO2条件下的木粉热解气化实验研究

生物质制氢研究是可再生能源的重要方向之一,但生物质气化过程中产生的CO2导致燃气中氢气含量降低.本文在一种整体式新型生物质气化催化反应器上,进行了木粉热解气化CaO原位捕集CO2的实验研究,结果表明：在最佳热解条件下产生的燃气中H2,CO,CO2体积百分数为：26.89%,27.00%,10.34%.XRD分析表明加入的CaO有明显的原位捕集CO2作用,CaO对CO2的捕集率可高达47.5%.此外,加入的CaO对木粉气化过程中产生的焦油有部分催化裂解作用,主要为芳香或多环芳香化合物.     

低阶煤热解提质技术的研究进展

为实现低阶煤高效分级利用,从提高煤热解焦油品质出发,论述了低阶煤热解的机理和提高焦油品质热解工艺(加氢热解、催化热解、热解与催化裂解耦合工艺等)的研究现状,同时对炭基催化剂在热解与催化裂解耦合工艺中的应用情况进行了论述。指出低阶煤热转化过程的基础研究、热解与催化裂化耦合反应器的设计及催化剂的开发是今后低阶煤热解提质工艺发展的关键。     

金属氧化物对霍林河褐煤催化热解行为的影响

选用4种金属氧化物(CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、NiO)作为催化剂对霍林河褐煤进行热解,利用热重分析技术和动力学模型对褐煤热解行为进行分析,研究不同金属氧化物对褐煤热解催化效果的影响。结果表明,4种金属氧化物催化剂的加入均能有效提高褐煤热解的转化率,其对褐煤热解转化率的促进作用顺序为:NiOCaOFe2O3Al2O3;在褐煤整个热解过程中,CaO、Fe2O3及NiO均表现出良好的催化作用,而Al2O3仅在热缩聚阶段有一定的催化效果;褐煤在活泼热解阶段和热缩聚阶段的热解过程分别可用一级单一反应模型和二级单一反应模型进行描述,4种金属氧化物在活泼热解阶段对褐煤的催化效果为:NiOFe2O3CaOAl2O3,在热缩聚阶段对褐煤的催化效果为:Fe2O3CaONiOAl2O3。     

市政污水污泥催化热解特性研究

以CaO、ZnCl2、K2CO33种物质作为催化剂,对比热重法(TG)和差热分析法(DSC)研究干化污泥的催化热解过程及其动力学,同时对热解污泥进行了SEM分析.结果表明,与原始污泥样品相比,添加催化剂的污泥在固定碳燃尽阶段热解速率有较大提高.添加催化剂后污泥样品的活化能E和频率因子A都下降,以CaO的催化效果最好.添...     

白云石和Ni-Al_2O_3焦油裂解催化剂的研究进展

煤和生物质经热解可部分转化为燃气和化学品,但该过程中产生的重质焦油利用价值低且危害设备系统安全。将热解焦油轻质化是提高燃料利用效率和气体产品质量的关键,其中催化裂解焦油是有效方法之一。本文综述了焦油催化裂解常用的两类催化剂—以白云石为载体催化剂和以γ-Al_2O_3为载体镍基催化剂的研究进展。镍基催化剂催化活性高,机械性能高,稳定性好,但制备成本相对较高,需再生使用;白云石催化剂价格相对较低,更适合非再生型的规模化生产。分析了白云石催化剂和镍基催化剂的焦油裂解原理,总结了两种催化剂的制备方法和助剂作用,对比了反应气氛、反应温度、停留时间等工艺条件对裂解反应的影响,展望了焦油裂解催化剂的研究前景。     

CaO基催化剂在生物质热解中原位脱碳作用研究

研究了CaO基复合催化剂在生物质热解过程中的原位脱碳作用,通过气相色谱仪分析热解气体产物组分及含量。结果表明,CaO基复合催化剂可以原位吸附生物质热解过程中产生的CO₂,达到生物质定向催化转化的目的。使用Fe-CaO、Ni-CaO复合催化剂可使生物质热解液相产物产率降低至20%以下,而气体产率提高,最高可达67.1%。Ni-CaO催化热解条件下气体产物中H₂含量最高可达52.9%,同时φ(H2)/φ(CO)达到2.6,改善了热解气品质。     

棉秆催化热解的热重分析

利用热重分析技术,分析了棉秆在分子筛、金属氧化物催化条件下的热解过程;比较了不同催化剂对棉秆挥发分热解和灰分产量的影响.研究表明,除纯棉秆外,棉秆催化热解过程均由失水区、活化热解区和消极热解区构成,纯棉秆热解的消极热解区不明显.催化剂加入后,活化热解区挥发分累积转化率减小,而消极热解区挥发分累积转化率显著增大,且消极热解区温度窗口往低温方向转移.催化剂显著促进了木质素的热解,但对纤维素和半纤维素热解的促进作用相对较弱.催化剂的加入使灰分增多,且金属氧化物催化时的灰分产量高于分子筛.Na2CO3催化时灰分主要产生于活化热解区,而MCM-41、ZSM-5、LJSY催化时则主要产生在消极热解区.     

助燃催化剂对煤粉在高炉喷吹快速热解中的影响

选取KMnO4、Fe2O3、MnO2和CaO作为助燃催化剂,采用H2/Ar等离子体热解试验装置和快速升温热解红外连用试验装置来模拟煤粉在高炉喷吹条件下的快速热解过程,对混合煤粉的快速热解过程进行了研究,得到了助燃催化剂与煤的裂解程度(裂解气体收率)、裂解气体成分的关系,对助燃催化剂的催化裂解机理进行了讨论。     

助燃催化剂对煤粉在高炉喷吹快速热解中的影响

选取KMnO4、Fe2O3、MnO2和CaO作为助燃催化剂,采用H2/Ar等离子体热解试验装置和快速升温热解红外连用试验装置来模拟煤粉在高炉喷吹条件下的快速热解过程,对混合煤粉的快速热解过程进行了研究,得到了助燃催化剂与煤的裂解程度(裂解气体收率)、裂解气体成分的关系,对助燃催化剂的催化裂解机理进行了讨论。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.