基于矩张量分析的花岗岩破裂声发射特征试验

基于声发射定位技术和矩张量分析方法,对在单轴加载条件下岩石破裂过程中的裂纹破裂机制及时空分布特征进行试验研究.借助CAD软件展示不同破裂机制的声发射事件,直观反映裂纹破裂类型.研究结果表明:单轴压缩加载试验中,花岗岩试样破裂以剪破坏为主,但岩石微裂纹的破裂类型所占比例并不固定,岩石内部微裂纹破裂类型与岩石材料的力学环境有关;花岗岩作为一种脆性岩石,破裂不符合格里菲斯强度准则认为的脆性材料都是拉伸破坏的基本观点,证明格里菲斯强度准则对于均质度不高的脆性岩石的适用性有一定的局限;花岗岩单轴压缩试验中,试样的破坏类型与其应力水平没有关系,3种类型的声发射事件随应力增大的变化趋势相似.     

岩石点荷载与单轴压缩全过程声发射数值模拟研究

利用岩石破裂过程数值模拟软件RFPA对点荷载与单轴压缩下岩石破裂的全过程进行数值模拟,得到了两种不同加载方式下岩石破裂全过程力学特性和声发射特征。通过对比研究两种加载方式下载荷与加载步、声发射事件与加载步、声发射能量与加载步之间的关系,结果表明:岩石在弹性变形阶段的中后期,声发射事件与能量都在显著增加,接近峰值应力时,声发射进入相对平静的阶段;单轴压缩与点荷载两种不同加载方式下,岩石整个破坏过程的声发射规律与特征具有较好的一致性。     

混合花岗岩加载细观力学特性及破裂演化规律

根据室内试验获得的岩石宏观物理力学参数及岩样切片扫描图,基于颗粒流理论和PFC程序建立混合花岗岩颗粒细观几何模型,标定模型材料细观力学参数,采用Fish语言编制加载命令流并调整相应函数,对岩石单轴和三轴压缩试验进行模拟.通过对试验与模拟应力-应变曲线、AE声发射与PFC程序中“Crack”裂纹监测成果等的综合比较研究,获得荷载作用下杏山铁矿-45 m水平混合花岗岩细观力学特性、微破裂行为以及岩石微裂隙发展与宏观破裂演化规律.通过对混合花岗岩单轴和不同围压下三轴压缩PFC模拟曲线与室内试验结果的比较可知,PFC模拟能准确地表征荷载下岩石颗粒的细观力学特性和运动学行为.     

内置三维裂隙非均匀性岩石渐进破坏数值研究

岩石内部裂隙缺陷对新裂纹的萌生扩展有显著影响,导致岩石强度大幅降低甚至破坏.研究内置缺陷岩石裂纹的萌生、演化与微破裂分布,有助于揭示岩体渐进破坏规律,具有重要的工程意义.采用细观损伤数值方法对单轴压缩下内置裂隙岩石的破坏进行研究,再现不同均质度岩石微破裂萌生、发育、扩展、贯通直至破坏以及整个过程的声发射分布.将数值试验同物理实验比较,结合前人研究进行分析.结果表明,内置三维裂隙岩石裂纹扩展和破坏过程与相应物理实验总体上一致;在较均质岩石中观察到反翼型裂纹,揭示出反翼型裂纹主动偏向翼型裂纹扩展的现象;鱼鳍状裂纹在椭圆裂隙扩展试验中极易出现,并在均质岩石中表现为翼型裂纹与反翼型裂纹以卷曲面形式扩展形成包裹状破裂面;岩石非均匀性对其应力场,强度,声发射和破坏形式有显著影响,均质性差的岩石易沿着内置斜裂隙发生单截面剪切破坏;细观损伤数值方法可以模拟岩石破裂全过程并揭示微破裂空间位移、聚集规律,研究结果可为研究岩石破坏机理的物理实验和理论分析提供借鉴.     

英安岩三轴压缩试验力学特征及声发射特征研究

为研究英安岩的岩石力学特性及破裂损伤全过程中的声发射特征,通过MTS815伺服试验与PAC型声发射系统结合,对英安岩进行单轴压缩和常规三轴压缩声发射试验。试验表明:(1)英安岩单轴压缩和低围压下稳定破裂发展阶段具有"折线型"特点,临近破坏前,荷载值稍有停顿,然后继续上升,随即迅速大幅度下降,应力-时间曲线此刻的折线点(主破裂)对应监测的声发射(acoustic emission,AE)事件突出;高围压下曲线光滑,AE事件在累进性破坏阶段监测较集中。(2)随围压增大,英安岩物理力学参数也增大,监测的声发射AE事件也相应滞后出现,由张性破坏(竖向破裂)转变为剪切破坏。(3)英安岩有残余强度的在峰值后声发射活动持续,AE事件变化幅度小。无残余强度的声发射活动主要在峰值强度前,峰后无或微弱。(4)AE事件-时间、AE累计事件-时间曲线,以及岩石的应力-时间曲线三者结合,更好地反映出英安岩破坏全过程特点。     

英安岩破坏过程声发射特征研究

为研究英安岩的岩石力学特性及破裂损伤全过程中的声发射特征,通过MTS815伺服试验与PAC型声发射系统结合,对英安岩进行单轴压缩和常规三轴压缩声发射试验。试验表明：（1）英安岩单轴压缩和低围压下稳定破裂发展阶段具有“折线型”特点,临近破坏前,荷载值稍有停顿,然后继续上升,随即迅速大幅度下降,应力-时间曲线此刻的折线点（主破裂）对应监测的AE事件突出;高围压下曲线光滑,AE事件在累进性破坏阶段监测较集中。（2）随围压增大,英安岩物理力学参数也增大,监测的声发射AE事件也相应滞后出现,由张性破坏（竖向破裂）转变为剪切破坏。（3）英安岩有残余强度的在峰值后声发射活动持续,AE事件变化幅度小。无残余强度的声发射活动主要在峰值强度前,峰后无或微弱。（4）AE事件-时间、AE累计事件-时间曲线,以及岩石的应力-时间曲线三者结合,更好的反应出英安岩破坏全过程特点。     

岩石声发射研究现状

声发射技术在岩土工程等领域得到了广泛的应用,通常根据Kaiser效应测试岩石地应力,根据声发射事件的时空分布分析岩石内部损伤状态.介绍岩石中形成声发射的原理及表征参数,阐述Kaiser效应地应力测试和岩石破裂空间定位的原理及影响测试结果的主要因素,系统分析基于声发射表征参数的岩石损伤力学及分形特性的研究进展.针对目前岩石声发射的研究现状,指出Kaiser效应地应力测试、岩石声发射空间定位和岩石损伤力学等方面存在的问题,主要表现在Kaiser效应地应力测试点显现度的影响因素复杂,岩石破裂的声发射空间定位精度有待提升,基于声发射的岩石损伤机理认识不足及分形维数临界值难以统一.     

基于声发射活动参数的岩石破裂过程应力阈值确定

在实验室应用声发射监测系统,对25块花岗岩样进行单轴压缩实验.通过连续实时监测花岗岩样破裂全过程中事件率、累计能量、能率、持续时间和振幅等声发射源特征参数的变化规律,获得岩样破裂过程各加载阶段的应力阈值.将岩石试件破裂全过程中各个阶段的应力阈值与峰值强度进行比较,并与以往实验结果对比,发现岩石变形特性和裂纹演化规律具有统一性.     

岩石破裂过程中声发射模式的数值模拟

利用数值模拟软件RFPA2D对在单轴压缩加载条件下3种不同均质度的岩石试件破裂过程进行了模拟研究,讨论了整个破坏过程中的声发射时间序列和空间分布规律以及相关的震源特征和前兆异常等·实验结果表明,随着均质度的增加,岩石在主破裂之前非线性逐渐减弱而脆性逐渐增强·3个岩石试件的声发射规律分别表现出群震型、前震主震余震型和主震型3种模式,结果和地震观测到的地震模式有很好的一致性     

加载速率对实时高温花岗岩三轴力学特性影响的实验研究

以未风化花岗岩为实验对象,在高温高压三轴力学实验系统上开展三轴压缩实验,分析了三种加载速率下岩样温度、围压对峰值强度、弹性模量的影响,探讨了岩样热损伤演化规律的加载速率效应,建立了花岗岩冷损伤方程。结果显示:在100℃时,加载速率增大,低围压区岩石由延性转向脆性,渐进破坏向突发失稳转变;在500℃时,加载速率增大,低围压区弹性模量硬化明显,失稳模式为准突发失稳;随着加载速率的增大,在低温30～200℃时峰值强度的增加显著,在较高温度200～500℃时峰值强度的增加幅度降低,随着围压的升高,加载速率使峰值强度增强作用降低;各级岩石温度条件下,加载速率与弹性模量相关性不显著;低围压时弹性模量增幅较大,高围压时弹性模量增幅较小;随着加载速率的提高,弹性模量损伤与岩石温度的关系由线性转变为非线性的临界围压降低。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.