EAF-LF/VD-CC流程生产高压锅炉钢的工艺

天津钢管集团有限公司炼钢厂采用EAF全程泡沫渣埋弧操作、EBT出钢合金化、LF复合精炼渣精炼、VD处理后喂硅钙线、连铸全程保护浇铸生产高压锅炉钢12Cr1MoVG.通过系统取样、示踪剂追踪、综合分析等方法,对LF处理前后、中间包钢水和连铸坯中总氧(T[O])、显微夹杂及大型夹杂物的数量及变化情况进行了全面研究.结果表明,LF/VD精炼后钢液T[O]平均为15×10-6,中间包T[O]为17×10-6,铸坯为18×10-6～24×10-6;铸坯中的显微夹杂物数量是3.53mm-2,主要为球形钙铝酸盐、硅铝酸盐和铝酸盐与硫化物的复合夹杂,90%以上的夹杂物尺寸小于10μm;铸坯中大型夹杂物有铁铝硅酸盐、钙镁硅酸盐等.低倍组织均匀细致,表面质量良好,轧管各项技术指标均达到GB5310要求.     

石油钻杆钢冶炼过程中夹杂物的析出和衍变

系统分析了国内某钢厂复合脱氧工艺下Cr Mo石油钻杆钢夹杂物在EAF-LF-VD-CC流程中的析晶和衍变规律.由于铝酸盐的上浮,LF冶炼前钢中T[O]含量较低,冶炼过程中氮含量逐渐升高.电镜下钢中大尺寸夹杂物(50μm左右)只出现在LF-VD阶段,主要为低熔点的硅锰酸盐、包含Na2O的混合物和含有少量Ca O的镁铝尖晶石,中间包阶段大尺寸夹杂物完全消失.小尺寸夹杂物(<10μm)出现在精炼全过程中,主要成分是Mg、Al、Si和Ca的复合氧化物、Ca S以及二者的复合物,LF冶炼前到中间包阶段小尺寸夹杂物粒径相似,铸坯中其粒径稍微增加.随着精炼过程的进行,钢中小尺寸夹杂物的成分逐渐向复合氧化物的低熔点区域转移,夹杂物中Ca O和Mg O含量存在竞争关系.铸坯中大型夹杂物(>100μm)包括卷渣引起的复合夹杂,耐材剥落产生的Mg O-Ca O夹杂和钢液内生的铝酸盐夹杂.内生铝酸盐与精炼过程中小尺寸夹杂物成分相似,外层包覆Ca S,轧制过程中容易破碎成链状引发钻杆钢裂纹.建议适当延长VD处理后钢液的镇静时间,以去除钢中大型铝酸盐夹杂,提高钻杆钢质量.     

X70钢的清洁度在精炼与连铸过程中的变化

针对鞍钢炼钢厂"铁水预处理→LD→LF→VD→CC"X70生产流程,采用系统取样,综合分析的方法,对LF处理前后、VD处理前后、中间包、结晶器和铸坯中的T[O]、显微非金属夹杂物的类型、数量及尺寸分布进行了系统研究.研究结果表明:(1)铸坯中T[O]的平均值为17.33×10-6,铸坯中显微夹杂物数量为2.40mm-2;(2)LF处理前后钢水中显微非金属夹杂以长条及块状的Al2O3夹杂和球块状的硅酸盐夹杂为主,VD钙处理后,没有观察到纯的MnS夹杂与纯的Al2O3夹杂;(3)结晶器钢水、铸坯中有纯Al2O3夹杂再现;(4)钢中的氧化物及硫化物夹杂均没有达到完全变性的要求.     

超低氧车轮钢精炼过程非金属夹杂物的转变

研究了采用LD-LF-VD-CC工艺流程生产超低氧高速车轮钢时,精炼过程中夹杂物的生成与变化.实验在出钢时加入足够的Al进行终脱氧,LF精炼过程采用强脱氧、高碱度和强还原性精炼渣工艺,能使最终铸坯w(T.O)达到7×10-6,获得高洁净度的铸坯;而且在LF精炼过程中,夹杂物完成了Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂物的转变,得到在炼钢温度下呈液态的复合氧化物夹杂,这些液态夹杂物通过碰撞、长大和上浮去除,残留于钢中的氧化物夹杂以较低熔点的CaO-MgO-Al2O3类复合夹杂形态存在,它们在热加工过程中可以发生稍许变形,能有效改善车轮钢的疲劳性能.     

BOF-LF-CC工艺生产50 CrVA弹簧钢洁净度研究

通过对国内某钢厂BOF-LF-CC工艺生产50CrVA弹簧钢进行全流程连续取样,综合分析了冶炼过程中总氧( T. O.)、N含量变化,非金属夹杂物的衍变规律,以及铸坯中大型夹杂物的特征.结果表明,LF精炼前T. O.和N的平均含量分别为106×10-6和13×10-6,铸坯中分别为15×10-6和39×10-6,LF过程脱氧效果明显;运输和浇注过程存在较明显的二次氧化现象,需要加强大包到中间包的保护浇注;铸坯中夹杂物主要为CaO-Al2 O3-MgO和CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2复合氧化物夹杂,其中Al2 O3含量(质量分数)较高,达到60%~70%,未得到低熔点夹杂物,可通过适当提高精炼渣碱度,或喂入适量钙线促使夹杂物充分转变为成分更加均匀的低熔点夹杂物;大型夹杂物以CaO和CaO-Al2 O3-SiO2-( MgO)球状氧化物为主,还存在一定比例的纯Al2 O3夹杂物,需要延长钢包弱搅拌时间使夹杂物充分上浮.     

304奥氏体不锈钢夹杂物的冶金行为

根据热力学计算,结合生产过程实际,研究了Si脱氧条件下304奥氏体不锈钢在LF精炼、连铸过程夹杂物的变化规律.结果表明,钢水中主要形成CaO-Al2O3-SiO2类复合夹杂物,钢水中Al含量随Si含量的降低逐渐减小.当精炼渣碱度R=1.5时,随精炼、连铸过程的进行,复合夹杂物中Al2O3含量逐渐减少,CaO,SiO2含量逐渐增加.终点铸坯夹杂物成分为30%～35%CaO,20%～27%Al2O3,25%～30%SiO2,其他成分含量较少.终点铸坯夹杂物略显碱性,变形能力稍弱.     

气瓶钢精炼过程中的MgO·Al_2O_3夹杂物

研究了EAF-LF-VD-CC流程冶炼气瓶钢30CrMo时精炼过程中含MgO.Al2O3夹杂物的生成和转化,对夹杂物进行了三维分析观察.研究结果表明:LF精炼30min后夹杂物中Mg含量减小,Ca含量增加,MgO.Al2O3夹杂物消失.LF精炼后期Mg含量变化不大,Ca含量减小,未出现MgO.Al2O3夹杂物;VD精炼过程中夹杂物中的Mg含量增加,Ca含量变化不大,重新生成了MgO.Al2O3夹杂物;精炼过程中MgO.Al2O3夹杂物可以向复合夹杂物转变的,但为防止精炼后期MgO.Al2O3夹杂物重新生成必须保证钢液中具有一定的钙含量.     

高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

高品质轴承钢LF--VD过程非金属夹杂物演变规律

对国内一钢厂EAF→LF→VD→CC工艺生产的高品质GCr15轴承钢进行系统取样,针对DS类非金属夹杂物随机性强的特点,利用能够进行大面积试样检测的ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析统计钢中非金属夹杂物的成分、尺寸、数量等信息。研究发现：GCr15轴承钢冶炼过程中非金属夹杂物主要为MgO- Al2 O3- CaO复合夹杂物和MnS,同时有少量的SiO2- Al2 O3和MgO-Al2 O3复合夹杂物;夹杂物尺寸主要集中在3~8μm,并有少量DS类夹杂物出现且尺寸范围波动很大,最大可以达70μm以上,形貌为圆形或近似圆形;VD有较强的去除夹杂物功能,经过VD真空精炼,夹杂物中CaO含量有增加趋势;吊包至铸坯过程,夹杂物成分向Al2 O3含量增多的区域移动,最终轴承钢铸坯中夹杂物成分位于高Al2 O3含量(≥80%),少量MgO (<20%)和低CaO(<5%)的区域;DS夹杂物的生成和去除具有较强的随机性。     

反应诱发微小异相净化钢水

提出了一种夹杂物控制技术--反应诱发微小异相净化钢水技术,采用转盘造粒工艺制备了具有该种功能的复合球体,并在RH精炼后期加入上述球体进行工业现场试验. 结果表明:反应诱发微小异相净化钢水技术是一种成本低、效率高且简便易行的夹杂物控制技术,它可以短时间(大约10 min)内显著降低钢液中的非金属夹杂物的数量;与传统工艺相比,采用该技术对钢液进行处理后,铸坯中氧化物夹杂的数量明显减少,尺寸变小,铸坯的平均全氧T[O]最低可达6×10-6,吨钢成本可降低5～10元.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.