瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚在婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂修复术中的应用

探讨了瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与芬太尼、丙泊酚和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉在婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂修复术中应用的比较。30例ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级择期行先天性唇腭裂修复术患儿,年龄8个月~3岁,随机分为瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉组（Ⅰ组）与芬太尼、丙泊酚和异氟烷静吸复合麻醉组（Ⅱ组）。Ⅰ组麻醉诱导后持续输注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组麻醉诱导单次注入芬太尼后持续输注丙泊酚、辅助吸入异氟烷维持麻醉。观察术中血流动力学变化情况,术后苏醒、拔管情况及术后躁动发生情况。插管、手术开始后5 min、拔管时Ⅱ组HR、MAP均高于Ⅰ组HR、MAP（P〈0.01）;两组患儿自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间、苏醒时间I组均少于Ⅱ组（P〈0.01）;而在术后躁动发生率中II组少于Ⅰ组（P〈0.05）。瑞芬太尼、丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于婴幼儿先天性唇腭裂修复术手术较芬太尼、丙泊酚和异氟烷复合麻醉围术期血流动力学更为平稳,术后苏醒迅速,而术后躁动发生率较高,可能与术后疼痛相关。     

七氟醚在儿科麻醉维持中作用研究

探讨了七氟醚及异丙酚在小儿麻醉中持续的效果、副作用、苏醒质量和安全性。对40例的小儿在实施短小手术时,按入院顺序分为两组,每组各20例分别使用七氟醚和异丙酚进行麻醉,并连续观察手术后早期苏醒时间、术后躁动、术间眼心反射、术后出苏醒室的时间。两组的麻醉方法在术后拔管时间、睁眼时间、苏醒时间和PACU停留时间、术后躁动和眼心反射的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但在术后七氟醚组恶心呕吐发生率高于异丙酚组（P〈0.05）。七氟醚用于小儿手术麻醉时,诱导快、无异味刺激,对循环呼吸影响小,术后麻醉苏醒快,躁动发生率低,是应用于小儿麻醉较理想的药物。     

不同麻醉药物在气道表面麻醉时对气管插管及拔管反应的影响分析

目的探讨不同麻醉药物行气道表面麻醉时对气管插管及拔管反应的影响.方法选取收治的80例择期行下腹部剖腹手术患者为研究对象,随机分为2%利多卡因组(L组,n=20)、0.75%丁卡因组(T组,n=20)、0.75%罗哌卡因组(R组,n=20)、对照组(C组,n=20),静脉诱导后分别用5 m L上述麻醉药物行气道表面麻醉,其中对照组用5 m L生理盐水.观察记录各组麻醉诱导前、插管即刻、插管后3 min、拔管即刻及拔管后3 min的平均动脉压(MAP)、收缩压(SBP)和心率(HR)情况;记录患者麻醉苏醒期呛咳评分及术后患者不良记忆情况.结果插管后4组患者HR,SBP及MAP较插管前显著升高(P0.05);与C组比较,插管后各组患者HR,SBP,MAP指标显著偏低(P0.05),其中R组插管后上述指标较L组、T组显著偏高(P0.05);拔管时C组HR,SBP,MAP较T组、R组显著偏高(P0.05),T组上述指标较L组低(P0.05);T组、R组呛咳评分及拔管时不良回忆评分较L组、C组低(P0.05).结论与2%利多卡因和7.5%罗哌卡因相比,0.75%丁卡因更能有效地抑制插管反应.     

羟考酮对神经介入手术患者全身麻醉苏醒质量的影响

目的:探讨羟考酮对神经介入手术患者全身麻醉(全麻)后苏醒质量的影响.方法:选择择期在全麻下行神经介入手术的患者60例,年龄55~75岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)Ⅰ~Ⅲ级,随机分为羟考酮组(Oxy组)和芬太尼组(F组),每组30例.手术结束前15 min两组患者分别给予羟考酮0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼1μg/kg,观察两组患者麻醉后苏醒情况,并记录拔管前1 min(T1)、拔管后1 min(T2)、3 min(T3)、5 min(T4)的血流动力学指标[(平均动脉压(MAP),心率(HR)]、镇静镇痛评分及术毕不良反应(躁动、呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等)的发生情况.结果:与F组比较,Oxy组患者麻醉苏醒时间更短,拔管后前后血流动力学变化更小,镇静效果更优,术后恶心和呼吸抑制的发生率更低且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05).结论:羟考酮与芬太尼相比能更有效地抑制神经介入手术患者拔管期的应激反应,改善苏醒质量.     

右美托咪定对颈吻食管癌手术患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:评价右美托咪定对颈吻食管癌手术患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响.方法:择期行食管癌根治颈部吻合术患者60例,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为3组:对照组(N)组、研究组1(D1组)和研究组2(D2组),每组20例.麻醉诱导前,D1组患者静脉输注右美托咪定1μg/kg,输注时间为10 min,其后以0.3μg/kg/h持续输注至术毕;D2组患者以0.5μg/kg/h静脉输注右美托咪定至术毕;N组输注等量生理盐水.观察并记录清醒时(T1)、拔管即刻(T2)、拔管后10 min(T3)和拔管后30 min(T4)的镇静-躁动评分(SAS)和Ramsay镇静评分.记录心动过缓、低血压、低氧血症及术后恶心呕吐等并发症的发生率.记录麻醉清醒时间,拔管时间,拔管时有无呛咳躁动,拔管后是否配合指令.结果:各组麻醉清醒时间和拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05).与N组比较,D1组和D2组患者术后SAS和Ramsay评分T1-T4各时点明显降低(P0.05).D1组和D2组躁动发生率及依从性与N组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),D1组和D2组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05).3组患者术后心动过缓、低血压、低氧血症和恶心呕吐的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05).结论:右美托咪定用于食管癌颈吻手术围术期,有良好的镇静镇痛作用,两种给药方法都提高了患者的依从性,不给予负荷量、术中静脉匀速维持在临床使用上更方便简单,且对血流动力学影响更小.     

清醒气管插管应用于下颌骨多发性粉碎性骨折手术

目的:探寻下颌骨多发性粉碎性骨折病人的安全有效的麻醉方法.方法:46例外伤性下颌骨粉碎性骨折病人,均存在不同程度的张口受限,ASA:Ⅱ-Ⅲ级,年龄14～56岁.随机分为三组:A组13例选局麻+神经安定麻醉完成手术(局麻药为0.375%布比卡因;神经安定药为氟芬合剂;术中给予鼻导管吸氧;B组11例先在局麻下行气管切开,从气管切开处放入气管导管,吸入笑气-氧气-异氟醚进行麻醉维持,并保持自主呼吸,术毕换气管导管为气管套管回病房.C组22例均为清醒鼻腔插管,插管前先准备鼻腔及气管,用麻黄素30mg+2%丁卡因3ml分次点滴相对较通畅的一侧鼻腔,行环甲膜穿刺后用2%利多卡因2ml注入气管,5min后重复一次.10min后即可行鼻腔清醒盲探插管.插管成功后仍然吸入笑气-氧气-异氟醚维持麻醉.待病人意识消失后给万可松维持肌松并控制呼吸.结果:A组镇痛不完全;B组术中镇痛完全;C组术中镇痛镇静完善,术毕待患者清醒后即可从鼻腔拔出气管导管,回病房后无需特殊护理.结论:对于外伤性粉碎性下颌骨骨折的患者,术中采用鼻腔清醒盲探气管插管行全身麻醉的麻醉方法较为安全有效,且术后恢复快.     

硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的临床研究

目的探讨硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的可行性、安全性.方法将Ⅱ型Ⅱ期-Ⅲ型慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉病人50例随机分为对照组(A组)和全麻控制性降压组(B组),每组25例,两组病人均为ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,控制性降压组采用气管内插管全麻下以硝普钠1ug/(kg.min)微量泵泵入及1.5～2%异氟醚持续吸入控制性降压,对照组采用局麻下手术.比较两组术中出血量、输液量、手术时间、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR).结果与对照组比较两组术中出血量、输液量、手术时间、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)有显著性差异(p＜0.05).结论硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术效果显著、安全可靠,无单用硝普钠降压的副作用,出血量减少,手术时间缩短.     

硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的临床研究

目的探讨硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术的可行性、安全性.方法将Ⅱ型Ⅱ期-Ⅲ型慢性鼻窦炎、鼻息肉病人50例随机分为对照组(A组)和全麻控制性降压组(B组),每组25例,两组病人均为ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,控制性降压组采用气管内插管全麻下以硝普钠1ug/(kg.min)微量泵泵入及1.5～2%异氟醚持续吸入控制性降压,对照组采用局麻下手术.比较两组术中出血量、输液量、手术时间、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR).结果与对照组比较两组术中出血量、输液量、手术时间、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)有显著性差异(p＜0.05).结论硝普钠复合异氟醚控制性降压用于鼻内窥镜手术效果显著、安全可靠,无单用硝普钠降压的副作用,出血量减少,手术时间缩短.     

清醒气管插管应用于下颌骨多发性粉碎性骨折手术

目的：探寻下颌骨多发性粉碎性骨折病人的安全有效的麻醉方法。方法：46例外伤性下颌骨粉碎性骨折病人,均存在不同程度的张口受限,ASA：Ⅱ—Ⅲ级,年龄14～56岁。随机分为三组：A组13例选局麻＋神经安定麻醉完成手术（局麻药为0.375%布比卡因;神经安定药为氟芬合剂;术中给予鼻导管吸氧;B组11例先在局麻下行气管切开,从气管切开处放入气管导管,吸入笑气—氧气—异氟醚进行麻醉维持,并保持自主呼吸,术毕换气管导管为气管套管回病房。C组22例均为清醒鼻腔插管,插管前先准备鼻腔及气管,用麻黄素30mg＋2%丁卡因3ml分次点滴相对较通畅的一侧鼻腔,行环甲膜穿刺后用2%利多卡因2ml注入气管,5min后重复一次。10min后即可行鼻腔清醒盲探插管。插管成功后仍然吸入笑气—氧气—异氟醚维持麻醉。待病人意识消失后给万可松维持肌松并控制呼吸。结果：A组镇痛不完全;B组术中镇痛完全;C组术中镇痛镇静完善,术毕待患者清醒后即可从鼻腔拔出气管导管,回病房后无需特殊护理。结论：对于外伤性粉碎性下颌骨骨折的患者,术中采用鼻腔清醒盲探气管插管行全身麻醉的麻醉方法较为安全有效,且术后恢复快。     

异氟醚在婴幼儿支气管镜检及异物取出术中的应用

选择130例年龄3天～3岁施支气管镜检及异物取出术的小儿应用异氟醚吸入麻醉。术前给阿托品0.01～0.02mg/kg,面罩给氧并吸入1％～4％的异氟醚,麻醉深度达Ⅲ期Ⅱ级后以2％利多卡因咽喉喷雾表面麻醉,插入支气管镜接紧闭循环装置或Mapleson改良D回路装置给氧或维持麻醉。异氟醚诱导平稳、迅速,苏醒快,无致吐作用。在支气管镜检及异物的取出术中应用能取得良好的麻醉效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.