高18块可动凝胶深部调驱数值模拟研究

为改善辽河油田高18块调驱效果,开展了弱凝胶调驱提高采收率数值模拟研究.根据该区块的地质油藏条件,建立三维地质模型.在历史拟合的基础上,对弱凝胶调驱注入参数进行了优化设计,并进行指标预测.研究结果表明,弱凝胶最佳注入量为0.2 PV左右,合理注液速度为50 m~3/d左右,最佳调驱时机为综合含水率68.5%时,调驱效果最优,最终采收率为28.7%,含水率最低值为59.4%,含水率下降了9.1%.该设计方案能有效地达到降水增油和提高原油采收率的目的.     

海上稠油油藏强化N2泡沫调驱实验研究

采用新型PENF(polymer enhanced nitrogen foam)调驱技术,可有效提高非均质严重的海上稠油油藏采收率。实验采用三管并联模型,模拟非均质储集层,进行FAW(foam alternating water)调驱实验,分析非均质稠油油藏水驱低效原因,揭示PENF的EOR机理,并优化注入参数。结果表明,与常规泡沫相比,新型复配PENF体系极大增强了泡沫稳定性和调驱能力,更适用于非均质严重的海上稠油油藏;调驱过程体现"逐级堵调、依次动用",采用优化参数:多段塞、气液比1∶1及FAW注入方式,提高水驱驱油效率40%,达73.52%,有效提高采收率。     

真12块表面活性剂驱数值模拟研究

真 12块Ed3 2 (新生代古近系戴南组第 2段第 3小层 )砂层组是受构造控制的岩性油藏 ,目前已进入高含水开发期。为了提高原油采收率 ,在室内进行了表面活性剂驱试验 ,针对该油藏条件优选出表面活性剂驱油体系的最佳配方。在室内岩心驱替试验数值模拟的基础上进行了现场表面活性剂驱的数值模拟研究 ,优选出的适合该油藏的最佳驱油方案为 :段塞尺寸为 0 .18倍孔隙体积 ,注入速度为产液速度的 0 .9倍。在注入表面活性剂主段塞之前先注入适量的牺牲剂段塞 ,以减少表面活性剂在油层中的损失。应用油藏数值模拟方法预测出的最佳驱油方案的原油采收率可达 4 0 .35 % ,累积增油量为 996 6t,试验有效期为 6 8个月 ,产出投入比为 3.4 6。     

喇嘛甸油田三类油层三元复合驱注入方案优选研究

首先进行三元复合驱室内岩心实验,对三类油层三元复合驱段塞组合驱油效果进行评价,然后用Petrel软件建立试验区相控地质模型,应用CMG软件中的STARS模块,对喇嘛甸油田三类油层三元复合驱不同段塞组合注入方案进行数值模拟研究。三类油层室内岩心驱油实验研究表明,天然岩心中水驱最终采收率为45.32%,进行三元段塞组合驱油最终采收率较水驱提高了12.48%,三类油层比一、二类油层更为均质,更适合以提高驱油效率为主要机理的三元复合驱;数值模拟结果表明,4种三元复合驱段塞组合方案中,方案5的最终采收率为52.67%,最终采收率比不加密井网水驱开发提高了13.94%,比加密井网水驱开发提高了9.79%,综合含水率下降了9%左右,确定方案5为最佳的注入段塞组合方案。     

中低渗油藏化学驱方案优化与矿场对比评述

以某中低渗砂岩油藏P 区块为例,为提高其高采出程度、特高含水阶段油藏采收率,在油藏工程、油藏精细描述及物理模拟研究的基础上,运用三次采油数值模拟技术开展化学驱方案优化设计研究,设计了24 个聚合物驱方案、30 个聚合物/表面活性剂驱方案和33 个三元复合驱方案,用全因素优化方法对注采参数和注入方式进行优化。研究结果表明,主段塞保持相对较高的化学剂浓度和PV 数有利于提高采收率,适量增加高浓度聚合物前置段塞和低浓度聚合物后置段塞有利于保证化学驱的增油效果,优化方案为采用“阶梯四段式”注入方式的聚合物/表面活性剂驱方案,试验区提高采收率11.62%。与已实施的主要化学驱试验相比,油藏条件、聚合物黏度、井网井距及注入量等的差异是产生化学驱开发效果差异的关键因素。     

真12块表面活性剂驱数值模拟研究

真12块Ed2^3(新生代古近系戴南组第2段第3小层)砂层组是受构造控制的岩性油藏，目前已进入高含水开发期。为了提高原油采收率，在室内进行了表面活性剂驱试验，针对该油藏条件优选出表面活性剂驱油体系的最佳配方。在室内岩心驱替试验数值模拟的基础上进行了现场表面活性剂驱的数值模拟研究，优选出的适合该油藏的最佳驱油方案为：段塞尺寸为0．18倍孔隙体积，注入速度为产液速度的0．9倍。在注入表面活性剂主段塞之前先注入适量的牺牲剂段塞，以减少表面活性剂在油层中的损失。应用油藏数值模拟方法预测出的最佳驱油方案的原油采收率可达40．35％，累积增油量为9966t，试验有效期为68个月，产出投入比为3．46。     

室内注气方式对鄯善低渗油藏驱油的影响

针对低渗、特低渗油藏注气段塞大小不同,提高采收率的效果也不同的问题,通过长岩芯驱替实验研究了鄯善低渗油藏水驱后烃气连续驱以及水驱后注0.3HCPV、0.6HCPV烃气后再水驱三种注气段塞大小提高驱油效率的效果。研究结果表明,水驱后注0.3HCPV烃气再水驱气突破时间相对稍早,而水驱后连续注气与水驱后注0.6HCPV烃气再水驱气突破时间较接近;水驱后连续注气气油比远高于水驱后注0.3HCPV、0.6HCPV烃气再水驱的情况,而注0.6HCPV烃气再水驱的气油比又高于仅注0.3HCPV烃气再水驱;水驱后注0.3HCPV、0.6HCPV段塞烃气后再水驱时分别在水驱基础上提高驱油效率6.41%和13.61%,水驱后连续注烃气可在0.6HCPV注气量基础上驱油效率增加0.79%,增幅不大,说明注入0.6HCPV是合适的注入量。     

大庆油田杏六区块东部聚合物驱试井分析

对大庆油田杏六区东部区块聚驱条件下含水率、产液量等动态参数的变化规律进行了综合评价.同时结合生产井实例对杏六区聚合物驱试井曲线的变化特征进行分析.结果表明:注聚合物后地层渗透率降低,渗流阻力增大,注采压差增大;各注聚试验区虽然注入压力有较大幅度的增加,而生产井流动压力却有不同程度的下降,含水率下降,产液量上升;根据试井解释时采用的油藏模型,可以判断在聚合物驱油过程中,油藏模型由均质油藏变化为复合油藏再变化为均质油藏,或由均质油藏变为均质加边界油藏再变化为均质油藏;为防止聚合物突破时间过快,可在聚合物驱油初期对地层进行适当调剖,避免油藏过早达到均质油藏阶段,这有利于提高中低渗透层的出油潜力,有效提高原油采收率.     

特低渗油藏氮气泡沫驱油效率实验研究其现场应用

为进一步提高特低渗JD油田原油采收率,在模拟油藏条件下,开展氮气泡沫驱油效率实验,研究注入方式、注入量、注入速度以及气液比对氮气泡沫驱油效率的影响。结果表明:水驱后转气水交替驱易形成窜流,封堵效果不佳;氮气泡沫驱驱油效率比纯氮气驱驱油效率高;氮气与起泡剂溶液段塞式注入比气液混合注入更适合该区块;采出程度增幅随着注入速度的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;当气液体积比为1∶1时,整体采出程度增幅最大。最佳的注入段塞量为0. 1 PV0. 33%起泡剂溶液+0. 1 PV氮气+0. 03 PV地层水+0. 1 PV0. 33%起泡剂溶液+0. 1 PV氮气+0. 03 PV地层水,段塞的最佳注入速度为0. 03 m L/min。现场试验表明氮气泡沫驱能有效提高原油采收率。     

孤岛N28-1井区活性剂驱矿场试验

:N2 8 - 1井区是典型的高渗透、高饱和压力、高粘度的疏松砂岩油藏 .经过 2 4年的开发 ,采出程度 2 6.72 %,靠进一步提液或井网调整来提高原油产量的潜力不大 ,为提高该区块的采收率 ,改善驱油效果 ,采用了活性剂驱油方法 .现场设计 2段塞注入方式 ,于 1 998年 2月进行了矿场试验 .试验进行至 1 999年 1 2月 31日 ,累计增油 1 0 952 t,含水率下降 1 0 %,提高原油采收率 0 .89%.这表明了该种方法增油效果显著 ,能够达到提高采收率的目的 ,有较好的应用前景 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.