冷家堡油田水平井油藏岩相分析及储层评价

综合利用水平井和直井的钻探地质资料，测井资料和地震信息，阐明了冷家堡油田冷４３断块Ｅｓ１＋２段ＩＶ砂岩组疏松砂砾岩稠油储层岩相特征和相模式，指出了岩性，岩相与储层物和含油性的关系，对不同岩相类型的储层进行了评价，揭示了冷平１井水平井段储层百均质特征，为水平井开采提供了地质方面的科学依据。     

水平井优化设计中油藏地质因素的分析

水平井井身剖面的优化设计不仅应从钻井工艺和力学角度分析，而且也需从油藏地质条件出发进行考虑，本文根据塞平１井的设计施工实际，并结合国内外有关水平井资料综合论述了地质因素诸如油气藏开发地质类型、油层厚度，产层几何形态及储层非均质性等对水平井井眼轨迹优化设计的影响，分析了确定水平井段方位取向、水平段长度、水平段垂深和入靶点位置、初始造斜点位置选择以及井眼直径大小等参数的原则、方法，以达到地质—工程的统一．     

页岩气水平井地质信息解析与三维构造建模

页岩气开发具有开发评价期短,评价井少（直井）的特点,直井密度低增加了储层精细描述和地质建模的技术难度。因此,建立研究区地层的岩性、物性和电性特征的定量识别标准,利用该标准对水平井水平段开展精细小层划分,并对实际钻遇地层厚度进行校正,将水平井水平段等效为多口平面分布的直井。在此基础上,以水平井段解析的各小层数据资料作为控制点,建立研究区精细构造模型。水平井多点地质信息解析,将水平段等效为多口评价井获取相关地质参数资料,可有效地弥补评价井资料少的不足。     

近岸水下扇相油气分布规律及控制因素研究——以友谊油田沙三上亚段储层为例

大港友谊油田沙三上亚段为近岸水下扇沉积,具有3套独立的油水系统。由于油气分布规律复杂,且对储层认识不清,导致油藏开发效果一直很差。结合区域地质特征分析,以岩心分析资料、测井资料为基础,确定了沙三上亚段油气分布规律及控制因素。研究表明,岩相、沉积微相和成岩作用是沙三上亚段油气分布的主要控制因素,辫状沟道微相内砂岩发育的构造高部位是近岸水下扇储层油气分布的最有利区域。通过地层精细划分对比、相带及砂体展布研究以及岩相识别等技术,认为沙三上亚段有利油气分布区主要集中于庄42井—庄1605井—庄1604井—庄47井区以及庄93X1井区和东北部的辫状沟道砂岩分布区。     

安塞油田坪桥水平井区储层精细描述

安塞油田坪桥水平井区长６ １＾１小层为典型低渗储层，主要沉积类型为三角洲前缘分流河道和分流间微相，通过对取心井的岩电关系分析，建立了岩石相测井解释模型。在储层特征分析基础上，对水平井区长６ １＾１小层完成了三维储层建模，内容包括井模型研究，三维构造建模，三维流动单元建模及三维岩石物理参数建模，该区特低渗储层呈“叠合状”和“离散状”分布模式，所建三维流动单元模型及三维储层参数模型较客观地反映了地下储     

成像测井在灯影组微生物岩岩相识别中的应用

岩相识别是沉积储层研究的基础，针对未取芯井开展测井岩相识别工作至关重要。对于四川盆地震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩地层而言，由于经历过多期成岩改造作用，使得不同岩相的常规测井响应特征区分度较低，准确识别难度大。为了建立有效的测井岩相识别方法，在前人岩石分类的基础上，通过选取多口岩芯、薄片和测井等资料齐全的代表性钻井作为关键井，在充分发挥成像测井优势基础上，明确不同岩相典型成像特征，建立成像测井相岩相的转换模型，并采用多点地质统计学方法开展成像测井全井眼图像处理，提取图像典型特征，结合所建立的岩相转换模型，开展全井段岩相识别，并推广应用于研究区其他未取芯井。通过实际效果验证表明，相比常规测井，基于成像测井所建立的岩相识别方法岩性识别准确率更高，能为后续沉积微相和储层研究提供有力支撑。     

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩储层特征研究

基于17口钻井的地质与测井资料以及141块岩石样品的物性测试结果,结合火山岩的岩性、岩相特征和产能资料分析,研究了准噶尔盆地东部石炭系不同火山岩岩体储层的特征和分布规律。结果显示,本区发育6种火山岩和2种岩相：XS3岩体以安山岩、火山角砾岩和溢流相为主;XS6岩体以碳质泥岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩和爆发相为主。XS3和XS6岩体的主要储集空间是溶孔,气孔和裂缝次之;物性表现为高孔、低渗的特点;喉道微细,分选差。XS3岩体整体物性优于XS6岩体。有效储层受岩性、岩相和大型断裂的控制。岩性决定了储集空间类型和物性;岩相控制储层的纵向分布;断裂控制了储层的空间展布和次生裂缝发育程度,靠近深断裂的地方,有效储层集中发育。     

白庙致密砂岩凝析气藏水平井优化设计

白庙气田具有构造复杂、埋藏深、储层物性差、凝析油含量高、地露压差小、地层压力高等特点,属于致密砂
岩凝析气藏。气井压裂投产初期一般具有较高的产能,但随着凝析油在近井地带析出堵塞渗流通道,产量下降快,稳
产时间短。投入开发以来,一直采用直井开采,采出程度低,开发效果差。水平井开发机理研究认为,采用水平井开发
可以提高气井产量及气藏采收率。针对该气藏地质特点,通过深入研究地质特征,重新认识局部构造和储层展布规
律,开展了水平井开发这类气藏的试验研究,先后优化实施了2 口水平井,取得了初步的效果,对合理开发致密砂岩凝
析气藏具有一定的指导意义。     

四川盆地震旦系气藏大斜度井水平井酸压技术

四川盆地震旦系灯四段碳酸盐岩储层溶蚀孔、缝、洞发育,储集空间类型复杂,具有埋藏深、高温、高压、强非均质性、高含H_2S、CO_2等酸性气体的特点,对现有储层改造工艺技术提出了挑战。大斜度井/水平井储层改造的关键是长改造井段酸液布置和酸蚀裂缝深穿透沟通储层天然缝洞系统。根据储层地质及地应力分布特征,优化并形成了大斜度井/水平井机械分层分段改造工艺,纵横向上层间或段间物性差异大的裸眼完成井,采用封隔器实现分段改造;层内或段内物性差异大的射孔完成井,采用可降解暂堵材料实现分层改造。天然缝洞发育的裂缝-孔洞型储层采用缓速酸酸压技术疏通天然缝洞系统,对于裂缝-孔隙型及孔隙型储层,采用前置液酸压技术形成深穿透酸蚀裂缝沟通孤立的天然缝洞系统,形成的两种大斜度井水平井酸压技术现场试验取得了一定程度的储层改造效果;探索了滑溜水+自生酸+胶凝酸的复杂缝网酸压工艺,一定程度上提升了储层改造效果。     

准噶尔盆地东部石炭系火山岩储层特征

利用17口钻井地质与测井资料以及141块岩石样品的物性测试结果,结合火山岩的岩性、岩相特征和产能资料分析,研究了准噶尔盆地东部石炭系不同火山岩岩体储层的特征和分布规律。结果显示,本区发育6种火山岩和2种岩相:XS3岩体以安山岩、火山角砾岩和溢流相为主;XS6岩体以碳质泥岩、火山角砾岩、凝灰岩和爆发相为主。XS3和XS6岩体的主要储集空间是溶孔,气孔和裂缝次之;物性表现为高孔、低渗的特点;喉道微细,分选差。XS3岩体整体物性优于XS6岩体。有效储层受岩性、岩相和大型断裂的控制。岩性决定了储集空间类型和物性;岩相控制储层的纵向分布;断裂控制了储层的空间展布和次生裂缝发育程度,靠近深断裂的地方,有效储层集中发育。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.