三峡库区消落带160～175m植被生长与土壤环境关系研究

探究不同海拔高程处植物群落与土壤环境间的关系及两者与海拔的变化规律,以三峡库区香溪河段水淹前消落带160～175m为研究区,运用Pielou指数、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数以及重要值等指标进行植物群落特征调查分析.结合室内分析,研究了土壤pH、容重SD、有机碳SOC、土壤养分(TN、TP、AN、AP)的变化特征,并利用冗余分析(RDA)和Pearson相关性分析研究了土壤理化因子与消落带植物群落多样性的关系.结果显示:植物群落结构简单,物种较少,且随海拔高程的增加植物群落组成和生物多样性显著增加.土壤理化性质随海拔高程的变化呈波动变化,土壤容重逐渐升高,土壤养分含量则先升高后降低.相关性分析结果表明海拔对消落带地区植物群落和土壤环境具有重要影响,而土壤环境与植物群落之间存在相互作用.     

峨眉山不同海拔森林土壤微生物和酶活性特征

为了更全面地认识高山土壤生态过程,在四川省峨眉山4个典型植被带分布海拔(3 010,2 433,1 575,775 m)上采集土样,测定了不同海拔土壤水温含量,微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量,微生物生物量(微生物生物量碳和氮)和土壤酶(蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶)活性。结果表明,土壤温度和含水量随海拔变化呈现有规律的变化趋势:随着海拔的升高,土壤中细菌数量呈降低的趋势,而土壤蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性则呈增加的趋势;在1 575m海拔处,土壤真菌数量和放线菌数量显著升高(p0.05),而微生物生物量含量和过氧化氢酶活性则显著低于其他海拔处(p0.05);高海拔样地有机质含量即使处于较高水平,但受低温等环境影响仍然呈现较低的微生物数量水平,说明峨眉山高山土壤有机质含量对微生物数量的影响较小,相关性也不明显。该研究结果弥补了峨眉山土壤生态过程研究的不足,也为峨眉山土壤养分循环和植被分布格局提供了理论基础。     

川西高寒地区不同海拔高度土壤酶活性特征研究

为增进对川西高寒地区土壤微生物的能量和养分限制状况的了解，以川西地区不同海拔高度（2969 m，3280 m，3697 m和3992 m）的土壤为研究对象，通过测定土壤的酶活性和相关理化性质，探讨了川西地区土壤酶活性和酶化学计量沿海拔的分布规律及其影响因素.结果表明：（1）土壤的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）、β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）和酸性磷酸酶（AP）活性随着海拔的增加，呈现出先减小后增大的分布模式.具体表现为土壤BG、CBH和AP酶活性在海拔3992 m处最大，在海拔3280 m处最小.土壤NAG和LAP酶活性在海拔2969 m处最大，在海拔3697 m处最小.（2）海拔3280 m的土壤微生物相对受氮、磷限制，而其余三个海拔的土壤微生物相对受碳、磷限制.（3）铵态氮、全氮、全碳和土壤养分的化学计量是驱动土壤酶活性及酶化学计量沿海拔变化的关键因素.从结果可知本研究区域的土壤酶活性特征与环境资源的可用性相关.     

峨眉山不同海拔森林土壤微生物和酶活性特征

为了更全面地认识高山土壤生态过程,在四川省峨眉山4个典型植被带分布海拔(3010,2 433,1 575,775 m)上采集土样,测定了不同海拔土壤水温含量,微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量,微生物生物量(微生物生物量碳和氮)和土壤酶(蔗糖酶、蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶)活性。结果表明,土壤温度和含水量随海拔变化呈现有规律的变化趋势;随着海拔的升高,土壤中细菌数量呈降低的趋势,而土壤蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性则呈增加的趋势;在 1 575 m 海拔处,土壤真菌数量和放线菌数量显著升高(p<0.05),而微生物生物量含量和过氧化氢酶活性则显著低于其他海拔处(p<0.05);高海拔样地有机质含量即使处于较高水平,但受低温等环境影响仍然呈现较低的微生物数量水平,说明峨眉山高山土壤有机质含量对微生物数量的影响较小,相关性也不明显。该研究结果弥补了峨眉山土壤生态过程研究的不足,也为峨眉山土壤养分循环和植被分布格局提供了理论基础。
     

干热河谷地区不同土地利用方式土壤微生物量及其活性分异特征

以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择相同海拔下的合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地、水桐树林、天然草地以及花椒地等7种土地利用方式为研究对象,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究干湿交替下的土壤微生物量及其活性变异特征.结果表明,天然水桐树林破坏改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤微生物量和呼吸强度变化显著,其中微生物量总体呈下降趋势,天然草地和合欢林地降幅较小,玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地和花椒地降幅较大;土壤基础呼吸强度除天然草地外均显著降低,降幅从小到大依次为合欢林地、玉米地、桑地、甘蔗地和花椒地;诱导呼吸强度变化规律与基础呼吸总体相似,但合欢林地要高于天然草地;湿季下的微生物量和呼吸强度要高于干季.代谢熵(qCO2)变化规律不同,天然草地显著升高,合欢林地、玉米地、桑地和天然水桐树林无显著差异,甘蔗地、花椒地则显著低于水桐树林,不同土地利用方式下的qCO2对干湿季的响应不同.不同土地利用方式由于特殊的耕作环境、物种构成等因素导致了土壤微生物量的差异性,为了实现干热河谷地带土壤生态系统的健康发展,从土壤生物学角度出发,应尽可能减少人为活动对土地的干扰程度以提高土壤质量.     

干旱荒漠区土壤酶活性对降水调控的响应

在野外控制试验平台通过设置遮雨棚和滴灌系统对降水进行调控,设计了极端干旱处理(减少降水50%)、干旱处理(减少降水25%)、增雨处理Ⅰ(增加降水50%)、增雨处理Ⅱ(增加降水25%)、自然降雨和对照组.通过人工控制降水量的增减,研究土壤酶活性(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶)对季节、土壤深度变化规律及不同降水处理的响应.结果表明:对荒漠土壤进行人为的降水控制,显著地改变了土壤酶活性,除淀粉酶和过氧化氢酶活性受水分影响不显著之外,其他土壤酶活性均随着水分的增加而逐渐升高;土壤酶活性受土壤深度影响存在差异,除蛋白酶和磷酸酶对土壤深度变化未表现出显著差异之外,其他几种酶活性均达到了显著水平(P0.05),且表层0～5 cm土层酶活性最高,随着土壤深度的增加土壤酶活性逐渐降低;土壤酶活性受季节的影响也存在差异,研究发现除蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性冬季明显高于其他季节,其他几种土壤酶活性在春、夏季都明显高于秋、冬季.土壤酶与土壤理化性质之间相关性不强,土壤酶之间存在较强的相关性.     

退化喀斯特森林不同自然恢复阶段土壤养分和酶活性特征

土壤养分及酶活性的变化对于理解生态系统恢复至关重要，其状态直接制约植被恢复及生态系统功能表达。为探究退化喀斯特森林自然恢复过程中土壤养分及酶活性变化规律，研究以退化喀斯特森林不同自然恢复阶段为研究对象，通过样地建设并进行土壤取样及测定，采用单因素方差分析及主成分分析等手段，探讨退化喀斯特森林不同恢复阶段下土壤养分与酶活性变化规律。结果显示：(1)研究地土壤全磷含量低于亚热带地区平均水平，且恢复阶段显著影响了土壤全磷含量变化；(2)土壤脲酶活性在恢复过程中差异显著；(3)不同阶段内土壤养分及酶活性的主导因子不同，灌木阶段主导因子为全磷、硝态氮、中性磷酸酶和脱氢酶，次生林阶段主导因子为全钾、全磷、脲酶和蔗糖酶，老龄林阶段主导因子为速效钾、碱解氮、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶，土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、纤维素酶与不同恢复阶段土壤养分转化密切相关。     

内乡宝天曼自然保护区土壤理化性质和酶活性的海拔特征研究

以内乡宝天曼自然保护区为研究区域,选择不同海拔下的土壤为研究对象,通过野外采样和室内测试分析,研究土壤理化性质和酶活性的海拔异质性.结果表明:各海拔梯度土壤均为偏酸性土壤,按照全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准,有机质含量较丰且在较高海拔位置处含量较高,各海拔高度全氮和碱解氮含量均较低,全磷含量处于中等以上的水平,有效磷含量处于缺或极缺水平,土壤全钾和速效钾含量属于中等以上水平.各土层的土壤脲酶、磷酸化酶与土壤各养分指标之间均无显著的相关关系,单一的土壤酶活性指标不能很好地代表土壤肥力状况.     

伊犁河谷煤矿开采对土壤重金属污染、养分及酶活性的影响

为了评价伊犁河谷地区煤矿区土壤的质量和受污染的程度,以及矿区周边农用地土壤的质量,通过野外采样和实验室分析,调查了伊犁河谷地区两处煤矿和周边耕地的土壤,测定了0～40 cm深度土壤中的Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn、Pb 5种重金属元素的含量,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价.同时测定了土壤速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质以及土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性.结果表明,所选的两处煤矿矿区土壤重金属污染严重,其中Cd超标最为明显,庆华煤矿样地重金属Cd的单因子污染指数达到了5.97;铁厂沟煤矿达到了9.54.庆华煤矿的内梅罗指数达到了4.47,铁厂沟煤矿的内梅罗指数达到了7.06,两地均属于重度污染.煤矿周边的农用地也受到了一定程度的污染,庆华煤矿周边玉米地样地的内梅罗指数达到了2.90,属于中度污染,而在铁厂沟煤矿附近的达达木图乡两块农用地内梅罗指数达到了3.94和3.58,均属于重度污染;所选煤矿区土壤及其周边农用地土壤养分含量偏低,土壤酶活性与土壤养分含量呈显著正相关,重金属含量与土壤酶活性呈负显著或极显著相关,但养分与重金属之间相关性不显著.     

不同海拔珙桐群落乔木物种多样性与土壤因子关系研究

 为探讨珙桐(Davidia involucrata)生长的最适海拔高度及其与土壤性质的关系,研究了四川卧龙自然保护区白泥岗地带不同海拔高度的珙桐群落的植物多样性及其根际土壤性质.结果表明,海拔1700 m的珙桐群落的物种多样性最高,1500~1700 m是适宜珙桐生长的海拔高度.珙桐根际土壤速效磷、速效氮、速效钾、有机质和含水量在3个土层深度上差异显著;整个地区土壤pH值变化范围小.腐殖质层土样1500~1700m 3个海拔土壤养分含量显著高于1800 m和1850 m 2个海拔;淀积层、母质层土壤养分在5个海拔间的变化规律性不强.相关分析表明,速效磷、速效钾和pH值与群落物种多样性无显著相关性,只有淀积层有机质、腐殖质层含水量与群落物种多样性显著相关,母质层速效氮和淀积层、母质层含水量甚至与群落物种多样性显著负相关.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.