石漠化生境中两种不同光合类型植物的生长和生物量分配策略

【目的】研究喀斯特不同石漠化生境中不同光合类型植物的生长和生物量分配策略,为喀斯特的石漠化治理和恢复提供参考。【方法】野外采集研究区内不同石漠化生境下的C3植物三脉紫菀(Aster ageratoides)和C4植物狗尾草(Setaria viridis),测定两种植物的株高、叶面积、根系表面积等形态特征及根、茎、叶、花等各器官生物量的积累和分配。【结果】随着喀斯特石漠化程度的加剧,C3植物三脉紫菀和C4植物狗尾草的株高、叶面积及地上生物量(茎、叶、花)显著降低,但根表面积保持不变,且根和叶生物量比升高,茎生物量比降低。三脉紫菀的根生物量和总生物量并没有随着石漠化程度的加剧而降低,但狗尾草却显著降低。【结论】C3植物三脉紫菀和C4植物狗尾草在喀斯特石漠化生境中,地上生长均受到了不同程度的抑制,但都能通过提高根和叶生物量分配而降低茎生物量分配、同时保持一定的繁殖输出来适应喀斯特生境。但是,C3植物三脉紫菀在石漠化生境中表现出了比C4植物狗尾草更强的竞争力,具体原因还需进一步研究。     

两个生态型羊草种群的营养更新特征分析

在西辽河平原天然羊草草地上取样研究了灰绿型和黄绿型两个羊草种群分株的数量特征．结果表明，地上分株生物量、新世代无性分株生物量和新世代有性分株生物量存在显著差异，再生世代分株生物量没有显著差异，分株生物量分配均以新世代分株、无性分株占优势；反应种群营养更新特征的种群新生系数和种群再生系数两个生态型分别为0.63，0．37和0.57，0．43没有显著差异．羊草两个生态型在种群结构相对稳定期有趋异适应方式，又有相似的适应规律。     

中国西南喀斯特森林生物量与碳储量研究进展

西南喀斯特地区是我国生态环境脆弱地带之一,森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,对维护喀斯特地区生态系统平衡、喀斯特石漠化生态治理与重建以及可持续发展意义重大。在深入分析中国西南喀斯特地区森林生物量与碳储量研究现状的基础上,对喀斯特森林生物量研究方法及其存在的问题进行了总结,并讨论了未来的研究方向。     

贵州茂兰退化喀斯特森林群落的数量特征

对不同演替阶段30个群落样地的数量特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)在自然恢复过程中,灌木林阶段物种丰富度和物种多样性均高于乔木林阶段,前者均匀度也稍高于后者,而乔木林阶段生态优势度有所增加;(2)退化喀斯特森林群落具有较为明显的优势种,通常为1~2种;(3)退化喀斯特森林群落的生物量随自然恢复演替的进程不断增大,群落生物量构成也随自然恢复演替的进程而发生变化,灌木林的草本层和灌木层平均生物量都远高于乔木林的相应值,分别是乔木林的5.4倍和3.5倍;(4)群落的连续带指数分析反映了不同群落类型在群落演替中所处的地位。     

喀斯特森林林分环境对光皮桦幼树生物量的影响

采用幂函数生物量模型,对喀斯特森林不同林分环境中136株 2～9年生光皮桦幼树的地上部分、树干、枝和叶生物量的分配关系进行研究,得出了林缘木生物量地上部分、干、枝、叶的估测模型,模型的拟 合优度均在090以上。对比分析表明地径模型最客观反映林木生物量变化规律,该模型适用的地径范围为04～80cm。     

喀斯特环境生态脆弱性数量评价

以典型样地调查资料为依据,选择与喀斯特环境脆弱性紧密相关的6个因子构成评价指标体系,用欧氏距离公式建立了喀斯特环境生态脆弱度(SFD)计算模型。用层次分析法计算了显性和隐性两大喀斯特类型中各指标的权重值。6个因子中,植被因子和岩石裸露率影响最大,权重最高。根据64个样地的脆弱度计算结果,对样地环境的生态脆弱性进行了评价。将其划分为5个等级,即微度(≤0.2)、轻度(0.21~0.4)、中度(0.41~0.60)、强度(0.61~0.80)和极强度(>0.80)。研究结果表明:地质背景是喀斯特环境脆弱性的根源,同等条件下,植被状态对其环境的脆弱程度起决定作用。     

干旱胁迫对接种AMF的香樟幼苗生物量分配及生长的影响

采用3种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)——幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum,GE)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae,GM)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum,GL)分别对香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)种子单一接种、混合接种以及不接种(对照)处理,对90 d大幼苗进行不同程度的干旱胁迫:正常供水(NW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的80%~90%)、轻度干旱胁迫(MW,土壤含水量为田间持水量的60%~70%)、中度干旱胁迫(MS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的56%~60%)、重度干旱胁迫(SS,土壤含水量为田间持水量的35%~40%);150 d后对香樟生长指标进行测定。结果表明,在不同干旱胁迫下,除GM外接种AMF提高了香樟幼苗植株总生物量和抗旱性,而在SS条件下接种AMF显著促进了幼苗的生长(p<0.05);在干旱胁迫下接种AMF通过影响植株的生长性状来影响植物的生物量分配;在干旱胁迫下,菌种差异通过影响叶面积来影响幼苗根、叶生物分配从而影响幼苗的总生物量积累和生长;在干旱胁迫下,菌种组合的方式则对幼苗生物量分配与生长均无显著影响;在喀斯特地区多种菌种共存不是以简单的叠加来发挥它们的影响效应,而是通过多种菌种应对不同的水分条件,发挥不同的抗旱效应来影响植物的生长性状,从而优化植物生物量的分配,维持植物在干旱生境下的生长。
     

不同岩性土壤对皂荚幼树生长及生物量的影响

采用实验生态学的方法对6种不同岩性发育的土壤对皂荚生长的影响进行了研究,结果表明:皂荚在灰质白云岩发育的土壤中生长状况最好,第3年树高可达209.3cm,最差为石英砂岩发育的土壤中情况,树高仅100.6cm,并且这种差异随时间越长越明显;地茎的生长与高生长规律一致,但变化幅度没有高生长的大;高、径生长的差异也反映在生物量上有差异,3年生皂荚的生物量,以灰质白云岩发育的土壤中最大为382.61g,石英砂岩发育的土壤中情况最差,生物量仅为170.69g.这一结果可指导黔中喀斯特地区进行森林植被恢复及树种选择.     

退化喀斯特群落自然恢复程度评价

选择不同演替阶段群落的生物量、群落高度、与顶极群落的相似系数、显度和盖度等为指标,用层次分析法对退化喀斯特群落自然恢复的程度进行评价。结果表明,随演替的进展,群落盖度的恢复最快,其次为群落种类组成,群落高度的恢复程度居中,群落显度、生物量的恢复较缓慢。     

淫羊藿无性系种群构件生物量分配格局

淫羊藿为具有克隆生长习性的多年生根茎型草本植物，是重要的药用资源植物．该文以野生淫羊藿为研究材料，于营养生长期和有性生殖期对无性系分株种群进行取样，比较分析不同时期、不同构件生物量分配格局．结果表明，营养期与有性生殖期无性系分株种群生物量差异不显著，但各构件生物量百分比差异显著．营养期根生物量比（RMR）、支持结构生物量比（SBR）和根冠比（R／C）均大于有性生殖期；而叶生物量比（LMR）和叶重分数（LMF）小于有性生殖期．在有性生殖期，营养分株（VR）生物量（83．93％）远远大于生殖分株（RR）生物量（16．07％），用于生殖器官（花）的生物量投资比例非常小（1．45％），叶构件生物量分配比例（50．68％）最大，地下根茎（32．03％）和支持结构（15．84％）生物最分配比例次之．高比例的叶构件生物量有利于合成大量有机物质，这些物质储存于地下根茎中以维持基株在资源缺乏季节的生长，保证种群的生存和繁衍．这些都暗示着淫羊藿不仅有很强的克隆生长能力，而且采取克隆生长为主，有性繁殖为辅的手段维持种群的繁衍与扩散．     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-