黄土-古土壤磁化率影响因素论述

黄土-古土壤磁化率作为气候代用指标已得到了广泛的应用。目前已开始利用不同方法建立磁化率气候转化函数,重建古降水量和古温度。但古土壤磁化率增强的成因机制一直在争论中,而影响磁化率变化的因素很多,要对磁信息进行准确的提取,须深入了解这些影响因子。     

辽南滨海地区黄土磁化率特征及其古气候分析

通过对辽南滨海地区第四纪黄土沉积物的磁化率测量和分析,发现该区马兰黄土的磁化率值不高,反映了该区晚更新世受末次冰期影响,气候条件干冷,黄土粉尘沉积速率快,成壤作用微弱;时间更早的离石黄土磁化率值偏高,反映其成土环境较为温暖潮湿,黄土粉尘堆积速率慢,成壤作用好。磁化率曲线的波动变化反映了古气候发生多次旋回变化;黄土-古土壤序列很好的指示了干冷、暖湿气候的交替,也对应了冬季风、夏季风的交替变化。根据磁化率值对古气温和古降水量的回归计算得到古气温应介于5.85℃～13.0℃（＋1.5℃）,古降水量介于403.22mm～735mm,其标准都低于当今水平。反演辽南滨海地区中、晚更新世时期的黄土沉积环境是比较干冷的,并且经历了多次的小规模的干冷、暖湿交替变化。     

中国黄土区东亚古季风气候与冰期气候对比研究

研究了中国黄土区冰期气候与季风气候记录;进行了黄土磁化率与大洋δ１８Ｏ曲线对比,并且将黄土组合—古土壤组合与冰期－间冰期气候进行了比较。结果表明：黄土组合与古土壤组合记录了冰期气候与间冰期气候;中国黄土—古土壤堆积是全球冰期—间冰期气候变化与东亚古季风气候变化共同作用的结果。     

中亚塔吉克斯坦南部黄土剖面上下部地层磁化率明显差异原因浅析

中亚塔吉克斯坦南部的黄土序列与中国黄土高原相似, 呈现黄土?古土壤交替的特征, 前人研究发现塔吉克斯坦黄土序列中以PC3为界的下部黄土与古土壤单元磁化率明显低于上部地层, 目前对这一现象尚无合理的古气候解释。本文对中亚塔吉克斯坦南部Darai Kalon黄土剖面的典型样品进行系统的矿物磁学研究以及漫反射光谱测量, 结果表明, 从黄土序列的下部到上部, 亚铁磁性矿物的总量以及超顺磁与单畴磁性颗粒的含量均呈增长的趋势, 与此同时, 硬磁性组份(如赤铁矿或针铁矿)的含量逐渐减少, 这可能指示成壤作用强度随时间增强。赤铁矿的适宜生长条件为高温干燥环境, 因此黄土序列下部的较高赤铁矿含量可能支持气候逐渐变湿的推论, 即下部地层沉积时期气候偏干, 成壤作用较弱, 古土壤中含较少的亚铁磁性矿物, 超顺磁与单畴磁性矿物颗粒较少, 故下部地层的磁化率较低。然而, 光谱测量数据显示, 下部地层针铁矿含量高于上部地层, 由于针铁矿的适宜生长条件为湿润环境, 其含量向上逐渐降低的趋势当指示气候逐渐变干。因此, PC3以下地层的较低磁化率也可能是过于湿润的环境溶解超顺磁和单畴磁性矿物颗粒造成的。尽管高场(达2 T)等温剩磁结果显示上部地层中以赤铁矿为主的硬磁性矿物含量较少, 但上部地层红度(a*)与赤铁矿含量之间较弱的相关性指示基体效应可能对光谱测量结果产生强烈的影响, 导致对赤铁矿光谱数据的解释存在很大的不确定性。针铁矿含量与磁化率的良好负相关性的确指示从下至上气候变干的趋势, 这一趋势与该地区前人的孢粉学和地球化学研究结果一致。以上研究结果表明, 对于中亚塔吉克斯坦南部黄土?古土壤序列的磁化率乃至矿物磁学数据的古气候解释非常复杂, 在中亚黄土研究中应用基于中国黄土磁学研究的模式需要谨慎, 有必要结合多指标进行综合分析。     

黄土工程力学性质的变化及控制因素

研究了黄土工程力学性质的变化及控制因素，由黄土与红色古土壤工程力学实验资料表明，黄土的承载力、压强度与抗剪强度小于红色古土壤，这是它们经受了不同成壤作用的结果，通过分析实验得出粘化作用强，土壤力学强度大，粘化作用弱，土壤力学经度小，黄土地层工程力学性质在垂向上具有明显波动变化规律，这种变化是黄土与红色古土壤发育时冷干与温湿气候的交替变化造成的。     

伊犁盆地晚更新世黄土—古土壤磁化率特征

新疆伊犁河谷海拔高度不同的两个晚更新世黄土剖面磁化率特征存在显著差异:位于海拔1400 m处的库尔德能布拉黄土剖面,其磁化率特征与黄土高原黄土相同,而海拔850 m处塔勒德黄土剖面的磁化率特征则与黄土高原相反.对两个剖面黄土-古土壤磁化率特征等分析研究认为,造成两个剖面S1古土壤磁化率差异的主要原因是末次间冰期土壤发育时期前者降水量大于后者.     

黄土磁化率对千年-百年尺度气候事件的记录及其古气候意义

中国黄土高原的黄土-古土壤风尘堆积序列具有粒度细、沉积速率高和连续性好等特征,是古气候学研究的重要组成部分。黄土沉积物在轨道尺度上与全球气候关系密切,可以记录千年-百年尺度的快速气候事件。中国黄土古气候学取得的核心成果之一,就是磁化率可以作为东亚夏季风替代性指标,然而,磁化率在古气候研究中存在多解性,导致其在高分辨率研究中应用较少。文中选择黄土高原的赵家川和巴谢剖面磁化率数据,通过与格陵兰冰心和中国石笋等高分辨率古气候记录进行对比,发现赵家川剖面磁化率记录了4次Heinrich事件,巴谢剖面磁化率记录了全新世以来新仙女木、9.2 ka和4.2 ka 3次气候快速恶化事件。通过对比分析巴谢剖面磁化率记录的3次快速气候事件及其可能的驱动因素,认为太阳辐射减弱可能是主要因素。     

锶同位素研究在古季风演化研究中的应用研究

自从Rb—Sr同位素体系被应用于地质年龄以来，随着Rb—Sr同位素地球化学理论和测试分析技术的逐步发展和完善，其应用越来越广泛。主要介绍了锶同位素的基本地球化学特征，分析了锶同位素研究进行全球对比的可能性，探讨了锶同位素研究在我国黄土季风演化研究中的应用。众多研究显示Rb／Sr和^87Sr／^86Sr的比值变化受控于风化成壤作用的强弱，与降雨量、磁化率变化有很好的线性相关关系。通过曲线的分析、对比发现Rb／Sr和^87Sr／^86Sr曲线所蕴含的气候信息比磁化率曲线更为丰富和详细，与SPECMAP δ^18O曲线具有同步变化特征和更好的对应关系。这些研究表明Rb／Sr和^87Sr／^86Sr比值极可能是一种东亚夏季风演化更为灵敏的替代性指标，在古气候重建中有着广阔的应用前景。     

黄土物理性质变化规律研究

研究了黄土孔隙度和湿陷性在垂向上变化的规律和原因 .结果表明 ,孔隙度高和湿陷强的层位是风化成壤弱的黄土层 ,孔隙度低和湿陷弱的层位是红色古土壤或风化成壤强的黄土层 .第四纪冷干与温湿气候的交替和由此产生的成壤过程的变化是造成黄土地层孔隙度和湿陷性波动变化的根本原因 .黄土湿陷性是在干旱与半干旱地区弱的成壤过程中产生的 ,是草原地带灰黄色土壤具有的特征 .     

黄土高原朝那剖面风尘堆积序列磁化率的古环境意义

黄土高原中部连续的风尘堆积黄土-红粘土序列,蕴含着东亚季风演化与高原隆升等重要的古气候与构造信息.结合已有的古地磁年代,根据磁化率的变化特征对黄土高原中部朝那黄土-红粘土剖面记录的古环境变化进行了划分,共划分I(8.1～5.6 MaBP)东亚季风的初显期、Ⅱ(5.6～4.8 MaBP)东亚夏季风开始增强期、Ⅲ(4.8～...     

A rock magnetic record of Asian cooling and aridification processes during 1.95-0.40 Ma in the southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau

The southeastern Chinese Loess Plateau is the terminal deposition area of dusts transported by the East Asian winter monsoon and the frontal area penetrated by the East Asian summer monsoon,and thus a climate sensitive region.This paper reports a rock magnetic study of a Quaternary loess-paleosol section in such a region.We tried to reconstruct the paleoclimate evolution history in the region during 1.95–0.40 Ma with magnetic parameters.The results show a general up-section decreasing trend of the ratio of HIRM/(SIRM–IRM100 mT),indicating a long-term decreasing trend of hematite coercivities in the deposits,which can be mainly related to the cooling and aridification trend of the environment in interglacial depositional area and glacial dust source region.The ratio,lf/ARM,widely used to reflect the variations of magnetic mineral grain size,manifests a long-term increasing trend of the magnetic mineral grain size and tends to indicate an overall weakening trend of the East Asian summer monsoon that controlled the pedogenic intensity.Although the regional multi-segmented paleoclimatic records revealed by several magnetic parameters in our study,the long-term Asian cooling and aridification trend inferred here is of global correlation significance.     

末次冰消期以来古气候演化研究进展及展望

 从盛冰期到全新世之间的末次冰消期经历了地球表层系统的一次巨变,期间发生了一系列气候突变事件,在全球不同地区以不同的方式回应着这些事件的变化过程。末次冰消期转暖的过程和机制一直是古气候研究的热点。本文综述了末次冰消期以来的古气候/季风演化研究成果,指出海陆交界敏感地带的陆架区对全球环境变化十分敏感,陆架区沉积物蕴含了丰富的气候/季风演化信息,对陆架区沉积物中古气候代用指标的提取,东亚季风演化历史及其驱动机制、季风的差异和交互作用、季风在各个时间尺度上的驱动机制等问题的分析均具有重要意义,可以为地区及全球环境变化提供科学依据。     

Inverse correlation between ancient winter and summer monsoons in East Asia？

There is a scientific debate on the relationship between ancient winter and summer monsoons in East Asia. Some scholars think that East Asian winter and summer monsoons are anti-correlated, and others think not. For this reason, this study is motivated to assess their linkage from the paleoclimate simulation perspective, through analyzing the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） and mid-Holocene （MH） climate simulated by CCSM3 model. Compared to the present climate, the Aleutian low is found to be deepened and the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM） is stronger during the LGM winter. The Pacific high in summer is noticed to be weakened and the East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） is weaker at the LGM. During the MH, the Aleutian low and the Asian high in winter are intensified, and the Asian low and the Pacific high in summer are enhanced, indicating that the EAWM and EASM are both stronger than today. Therefore, the EAWM is not always negatively correlated to the EASM. Their relationship may be different at different geological stages. It can be obtained at least from the numerical simulation results that the EAWM and the EASM is negatively correlated during the cooling period, while positively correlated during the warming period.     

临汾盆地陶寺遗址附近全新世黄土剖面的环境指标分析

在对临汾盆地陶寺遗址北城墙外全新世黄土剖面粒度、磁化率、Rb/Sr值和CaCO₃含量等气候指标进行分析的基础上, 结合光释光测年结果和考古学资料, 探讨该剖面记录的环境信息及其与文化发展的相互关系。研究发现: 全新世早期(10.5~9.6 kaBP), 东亚冬季风较弱, 风化成壤作用增强, 气候由凉干转向暖湿; 全新世早中期(9.6~4.9 kaBP), 风化成壤作用最强, 气候最为暖湿; 全新世中后期(4.9~2.5 kaBP), 风化成壤作用较之前有所下降, 气候较之前温干, 但较现今暖湿; 全新世晚期(2.5 kaBP)以来, 东亚冬季风增强, 风化成壤作用较弱, 气候较为凉干。暖湿气候期与文化的繁荣发展时期有较好的对应关系, 凉干气候期植被的退化可能受气候和人类活动共同作用的影响。     

Pollen evidence from Baode of the northern Loess Plateau of China and strong East Asian summer monsoons during the Early Pliocene

The red clay eolian sequence on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is an important archive for paleoclimate change from the late Miocene to Pliocene,and can provide significant information for the controversial problems of East Asian monsoon evolution and its forcing mechanism.In this study,we present a pollen record from Baode,northern CLP.The record shows four stages of paleoecological evolution.From 5.6-4.4 Ma,a forest steppe ecosystem developed under an extremely warm period with high seasonal precipitation.Since 4.4 Ma,a drier episode occurred,which prompted parkland landscapes to develop.During 3.5-3.05 Ma,the environment changed to a rather open steppe ecosystem with a much cooler and drier climate.After 3.05 Ma,the vegetation evolved to forest steppe.Using the percentages of arboreal plants to mirror precipitation,and comparing with other published pollen data from the CLP,we find the existence of S-N directionality of the precipitation change and high percentage of arboreal plants in the entire CLP during the Early Pliocene,which suggest the CLP was characterized by a strong East Asian summer monsoon.The strong summer monsoon corresponds well to the low global ice volume,which may illuminate global climate mechanism for the summer monsoon evolution in the early Pliocene.     

EPR studies of Mn2+ in the Loess Plateau of central China: Implication for variation of the East Asia summer monsoon

Mn²⁺ EPR intensity recorded in the Chinese loess-paleosol sequence shows close correlation with magnetic susceptibility and Sr content as well as the oscillation of paleoclimate. Thus Mn²⁺ EPR signal can serve as an indicator sensitive to the East Asia summer monsoon intensity fluctuations.     

Influence of the Tibetan Plateau uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment evolution

As one of the most important geological events in Cenozoic era,the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has had profound influences on the Asian and global climate and environment evolution.During the past four decades,many scholars from China and abroad have studied climatic and environmental effects of the TP uplift by using a variety of geological records and paleoclimate numerical simulations.The existing research results enrich our understanding of the mechanisms of Asian monsoon changes and interior aridification,but so far there are still a lot of issues that need to be thought deeply and investigated further.This paper attempts to review the research on the influence of the TP uplift on the Asian monsoon-arid environment,summarize three types of numerical simulations including bulk-plateau uplift,phased uplift and sub-regional uplift,and especially to analyze regional differences in responses of climate and environment to different forms of tectonic uplifts.From previous modeling results,the land-sea distribution and the Himalayan uplift may have a large effect in the establishment and development of the South Asian monsoon.However,the formation and evolution of the monsoon in northern East Asia,the intensified dryness north of the TP and enhanced Asian dust cycle may be more closely related to the uplift of the main body,especially the northern part of the TP.In this review,we also discuss relative roles of the TP uplift and other impact factors,origins of the South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon,feedback effects and nonlinear responses of climatic and environmental changes to the plateau uplift.Finally,we make comparisons between numerical simulations and geological records,discuss their uncertainties,and highlight some problems worthy of further studying.     

河北三河上更新统——全新统磁化率变化旋回分析

为了获取河北三河地区上更新统-全新统古气候和古环境变化,在该区实测一地层剖面,采集磁化率样品进行测试,以磁化率变化为沉积环境代用指标,在前人研究确立的地质年代框架下,运用频谱分析、演化谱分析等方法对地层垂向磁化率变化进行旋回分析。结果表明研究区冲积沉积中存在23ka的岁差尺度旋回,由于剖面较短未识别出更长周期的斜率和偏心率旋回。根据分析结果计算出剖面沉积时限为4-45ka,属于晚更新世晚期至全新世早期河流砂坝和泛滥平原沉积,平均沉积速率为24cm/ka。磁化率的变化与粒度变化具有正相关性,粗粒沉积磁化率较高、细粒沉积磁化率较低;磁化率的变化受岁差驱动气候变化影响,岁差高值时大气降水对河流补给增多,陆源碎屑增多提高了沉积物中磁性矿物的含量,反之,则磁性矿物少,磁化率低。岁差驱动气候变化在河流冲积物中的发现,为河流冲积沉积天文驱动气候变化研究提供参考依据,为第四纪冲积沉积和地质事件研究提供新的年龄约束手段。     

The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly index and its interannual variations

Based on the concept of East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection which influences East Asian summer monsoon, an index for East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly was defined and it was pointed out that this index can describle the interannual variation character of summer climate in East Asia, especially in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Valley.     

Global and China temperature changes associated with the inter-decadal variations of East Asian summer monsoon advances

The modern atmospheric observation and literatural historical drought-flood records were used to extract the inter-decadal signals of dry-wet modes in eastern China and reveal the possible relationship of global and China temperature changes associated with the East Asian summer monsoon advances.A climate pattern of "wet-north and dry-south" in eastern China and cool period in China and globe are associated with the strong summer monsoon that can advance further to the northernmost part in the East Asian monsoon region.On the contrary,a climate pattern of "dry-north and wet-south" in eastern China and a warm period in China and globe are associated with the weaker summer monsoon that only reaches the southern part in the region.An interdecadal oscillation with the timescale about 60 years was found dominating in both the dry-wet mode index series of the East Asian summer monsoon and the global temperature series after the secular climate states and long-term trend over inter-centennial timescales have been removed.