井下煤层水力压裂裂缝导向机理及方法

针对井下煤层水力压裂裂缝扩展无序导致抽采效率低的问题,提出水力压裂裂缝导向方法,即采用高压水射流割定向缝导向裂缝起裂及扩展。在压裂孔周边合理布置导向钻孔,压裂孔及导向钻孔均采用水射流割缝技术在煤孔中形成定向缝隙。在地应力作用下缝隙尖端形成剪切破坏区,在内水压的作用下裂缝在缝隙尖端起裂;通过计算射流割缝缝隙水平延长方向最大主应力方向得出,裂缝在尖端起裂后沿水平方向延伸;在此基础上研发了裂缝导向技术工艺,即钻孔布置工艺、封孔工艺及压裂工艺,并成功应用于典型低透气性煤层;试验结果表明:该方法能够导向裂缝的延伸,压裂半径为25 m以上;抽采数据表明瓦斯抽放平均浓度为68%,单孔平均抽放纯量为0.037m3/min;采用裂缝导向技术后相比普通孔瓦斯抽放纯量提高了11.26倍,抽放浓度提高了2.12倍。     

低渗透煤层合增透技术应用

为增加低渗透高瓦斯煤层的透气性,提高瓦斯利用率和抽采效率,提出低渗透煤层复合增透的方法.利用RFPA2D-Flow和FLAC3D软件分别对水力压裂裂缝的起裂、延伸与扩展规律和CO_2增透钻孔内提前制造不同长度的预裂缝对爆破致裂增透效果的影响情况进行模拟.进行井下复合增透效果工业试验,运用瓦斯压力降低法分析预裂后煤层瓦斯抽采半径.结果表明:模拟注水压裂27 PMa时,割缝半径约2 m,随着煤壁预裂缝长度增加,CO_2爆破致裂影响半径呈线性递增的趋势.现场复合增透后煤层抽采率显著提高,有效半径由原来单一水力压裂的2 m增加到7 m左右.     

单一低透煤层水力压裂增透技术试验

针对单一低透煤层瓦斯抽采浓度低、衰减快、瓦斯抽采困难等问题,提出了水力压裂增透技术.研究了水力压裂钻孔壁煤体起裂所需最小注水压力,分析了水力压裂过程中注水压力、流量等参数随注水时间动态变化特点,并对压裂前后煤层透气性系数变化和瓦斯抽采效果进行了考察.结果显示:实施水力压裂后,影响区内煤层透气性系数提高了20.32倍,平均瓦斯抽采浓度和纯量分别提高了4.1倍和5.1倍,水力压裂增透效果显著.     

补白$单一低透煤层水力压裂增透技术试验研究

针对单一低透煤层瓦斯抽采浓度低、衰减快、瓦斯抽采困难等问题,提出了水力压裂增透技术.研究了水力压裂钻孔壁煤体起裂所需最小注水压力,分析了水力压裂过程中注水压力、流量等参数随注水时间动态变化特点,并对压裂前后煤层透气性系数变化和瓦斯抽采效果进行了考察.结果显示:实施水力压裂后,影响区内煤层透气性系数提高了20.32倍,平均瓦斯抽采浓度和纯量分别提高了4.1倍和5.1倍,水力压裂增透效果显著.     

缝槽形态对水力压裂效果的影响

为研究资源开采中缝槽形态对水力压裂起裂及裂缝扩展规律的影响,解决因地质资源埋藏深、地下储层结构和应力水平复杂、水力压裂开采过程中所造成的钻孔压裂起裂压力大、起裂方位无序、压裂效果差异较大等问题,建立圆孔和椭圆缝槽的二维水力压裂钻孔模型,利用RFPA-Flow^2D数值模拟软件,理论分析并结合数值模拟,对圆孔和椭圆2个缝槽形态的起裂机理和裂缝的扩展规律进行研究。结果表明：压裂裂缝的扩展延伸方向与施加的应力组合中的最大主应力方向平行,且当施加的应力组合差值不断减小时,裂缝的起裂压力随之逐渐增大;最大主应力平行于椭圆缝槽长轴时相较垂直于椭圆长轴时,裂缝更容易起裂;当应力差减小至零时,对比椭圆缝槽,圆孔缝槽的裂纹扩展出现了随机分叉的现象;在应力组合相同的条件下,椭圆缝槽相比圆孔缝槽的起裂压力更小,椭圆缝槽更容易起裂。     

穿层钻孔煤巷条带水力压裂防突技术及应用

针对低渗高突煤层煤巷条带预抽区域瓦斯治理难题,运用弹性力学理论,结合高压水动力特性,提出穿层钻孔煤巷条带水力压裂防突技术,建立计算目标煤层起裂压力计算模型,集成配套井下压裂成套设备,并进行工业性试验。试验结果表明:技术实施后,压裂钻孔的瓦斯抽采浓度和抽采纯量曲线呈现"高—低—高"特点,体现了压裂改造的双重作用;相比于水力割缝孔和普通穿层孔,压裂孔的瓦斯抽采纯量分别提高了20倍和133倍;预掘煤巷处的残余瓦斯含量降到8m3/t以下,穿层钻孔煤巷条带水力压裂增透技术消突效果显著。     

基于RFPA-3D的煤层钻孔水力压裂裂缝扩展规律数值模拟

水力压裂裂缝的几何形态是评价压裂效果的主要因素,煤层受割理、层理和天然裂隙的影响,非均质性较强,对于垂向主应力、最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力共同影响下的煤层水力压裂缝扩展规律还未形成系统认识。文章利用RFPA-3D数值模拟软件,研究非均匀分布的硬煤层和软煤层,在垂向主应力不变,不同水平主应力差下水力压裂三维裂纹的扩展过程和延伸规律,研究发现硬煤层水平主应力差接近时,水力压裂缝在煤层中延伸没有优势方位,形成网状缝;水平主应力差较大时,水力压裂缝主要沿最大水平主应力方向扩展,其他分支裂缝初始阶段沿着最小水平主应力方向延伸,随后逐渐向最大水平主应力方向靠拢。软煤层水力压裂初始阶段,注入段附近煤层以井筒为中心向四周挤压,煤层被挤压形成一个“大肚子”区域,待煤层挤压到一定程度,煤层开始起裂、裂缝扩展;水平主应力差接近时,注入段煤层压实后,起裂形成网状缝;水平主应力差较大时,注入段煤层压实后,压裂缝沿最大水平主应力方向以及与最大水平主应力方向成45°夹角方向产生两条优势裂缝。研究成果在安徽芦岭井田Y-01煤层气水平井组进行应用,日产气突破10 000 m3。     

水力压裂技术在高瓦斯低透气性矿井中的应用

针对高瓦斯低透气性矿井瓦斯难以抽放的问题,结合高压水动力特性,提出采用高压水力压裂煤层提高煤层透气性。根据第一强度理论,通过分析压裂孔周围应力状态,建立煤体破裂条件,研究煤体在高压水作用下的破裂机理,推导出压裂孔起裂压力临界值公式;另根据平煤十矿煤层赋存特性,计算出煤层水力压裂所需的启裂压力,优化水力压裂参数;研制出水力压裂设备及工艺,并成功应用于该矿;数据分析表明,压裂后煤层瓦斯抽采流量、浓度均提高5倍以上。     

低渗油藏径向水力射流压裂裂缝延伸规律

基于扩展有限元法基本理论,建立水力径向射流压裂裂缝延伸三维有限元模型,结合岩石的抗拉破坏准则,研究径向钻孔参数包括钻孔孔径、钻孔方位角及钻孔深度对地层破裂压力的影响。结果表明:随着孔眼直径的增加,起裂压力呈明显的线性降低趋势;地层破裂压力随着射孔方位角的增加而增大,40°为获得地层低破裂压力所允许的临界射孔方位角,优化钻孔与最大水平地应力的最佳夹角不超过40°;不同射孔角度下压裂裂缝扩展规律亦不同。     

斜井压裂大型真三轴模拟试验研究

通过大型真三轴模拟试验,研究了井斜角,井眼方位角、射孔方式对斜井压裂裂缝起裂压力、起裂位置及裂缝延伸规律的影响,得到了不同参数条件下裂缝起裂和延伸的直观认识。探索通过定向射孔形成一条平整大裂缝的途径,从而降低水力压裂地层的破裂压力,改善裂缝形态,提高压裂成功率,为优化斜井地层射孔方案及水力压裂设计提供依据。实验结果对于提高斜井水力压裂技术水平,改善压裂增产效果具有重要作用。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to