东北三江平原地区水位梯度对湿地植被群落生态特征的影响

【目的】探究三江平原湿地水文因子与湿地植被群落类型的关系以及水位梯度与湿地植被生态特征的耦合关系,分析水文情势对湿地植被群落的影响,为湿地生态恢复与生态系统的科学管理提供依据。【方法】以东北三江平原洪河国家级自然保护区湿地为研究区,基于野外调查选取水位梯度明显的9条样线共90个样点数据,建立以物种为横坐标、样点为纵坐标的21×90的矩阵。采用PC-ORD 5对矩阵数据进行双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN),对保护区湿地植被群落进行数量分类并分析群落类型与水位梯度的关系,使用CANOCO 5对矩阵数据进行除趋势对应分析(DCA),探究湿地植被群落分布与水位梯度的关系。最后利用Origin 2018对典型湿地植被的株高及生物量与水位数据进行高斯拟合,探究水文梯度变化对湿地植被生态特征的影响。【结果】TWINSPAN结果显示,洪河自然保护区湿地植被可划分为12个群落类型,群丛类型沿水文梯度的变化体现了植被类型由湿生植被向旱生植被演替的变化趋势,表明水位变化对湿地植被群落的演替与分布具有重要作用。样地DCA分析结果表明,湿地植被群丛的分布呈现一定的规律,植被群落类型及分布主要受水位梯度的影响。物种DCA排序结果显示,湿生植被、湿中生植被、旱生植被在排序图上均有明显的分布范围和界限,影响植被分布的主要环境因子是水位梯度。高斯拟合结果表明,3种典型湿地植被的高度和生物量随水位的变化趋势均为先增加后减少。小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)、毛果苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)、漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)的最适水位生态幅分别为:[4.46 cm,20.04 cm]、[8.30 cm,28.40 cm]和[40.87 cm,48.71 cm],3种湿地植被的高度及生物量对应最大水位排序均为:小叶章<毛果苔草<漂筏苔草,此结果与分类和排序结果相符合。小叶章的高度及生物量对水位梯度的变化最敏感。【结论】水位梯度为洪河国家级自然保护区湿地植被群落类型与分布的首要环境因子,优势种的分布体现了所属植被群落的分布特征,并且具有指示生境的作用。水位梯度对湿地植被的生态特征有极显著影响,不同湿地植被对淹水水位适应性的差异导致其最适水位生态幅的差异明显。     

向海湿地植被生产力与水禽多样性关系的研究

湿地植被与湿地水禽是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,也是湿地生态系统发挥其生态服务功能的基础.2010年、2011年夏季,通过对向海湿地5个调查样点水禽种类、数量进行的观察统计,获取了水禽多样性的信息,通过卫星遥感数据计算的归一化植被指数(NDVI)获取同一时间段不同样点的湿地植被生产力情况,分析了不同样点间水禽多样性与植被生产力间的关系.结果表明:5个调查样点中同发滚水坝的植被生产力最高,水禽多样性也较高;付老文泡的植被生产力较低,水禽多样性也最低.水禽多样性指数与植被生产力呈正相关关系,但线性关系不明显.影响两者间关系的主要因素为有天气、交通等自然因素,农田劳作、放牧、捕鱼等人为干扰因素,以及调查过程中水禽活动本身具有一定的随机性.本研究为探索利用卫星遥感影像数据监测与评估水禽多样性的方法提供了依据.     

武汉市东湖国家级风景名胜区植被研究

运用植物样方统计方法,分析研究了武汉市东湖国家级风景名胜区植被的区系组成、主要植被类型及其分布。植物类型调查采用线路调查和典型样方调查,乔、灌和草本群落分别设置25m×25m,5m×5m,1m×1m的样方。实地调查了主要森林植被,提出了植被分类系统,组成植被的常见维管植物有1004种,隶属于150科437属;描述了主要森林植被的特征,根据《中国植被》的分类原则,将该区植被分为4个植被型组,8个植被型,22个群系;对植被进行了评价,探讨了保护和合理利用植被的建议。     

郑州黄河湿地自然保护区植被群落物种多样性调查

在黄河湿地自然保护区调查的68个样方中,共统计到61种维管植物,可划分为7个分布区类型。分布于水域中的植被群落丰富度高于陆地上植被群落丰富度。群系生境差异是黄河湿地植被多样性形成的主要原因。     

遥感技术在湿地植被资源调查中的应用

以洪河国家级自然保护区湿地植被资源为研究对象,运用遥感影像spot数据、矢量专题数据以及野外实测数据提取2012年植被覆盖信息,对研究区现状进行调查.湿地植被分布与水位具有高度相关性,因此,利用DEM把研究区分为三个地貌类型区,运用空间代替时间的方法,确定湿地植被的演替趋势.     

基于分形理论的新疆额尔齐斯河流域湿地稳定性评价

利用1990、2000、2010年三期遥感影像,运用GIS和分形理论研究新疆额尔齐斯河流域近20年的湿地景观变化的复杂性和稳定性。结果表明：新疆额尔齐斯河流域各时段的湿地类型分布具有分形结构,湿地景观类型形状复杂性和斑块的稳定性波动变化,1990、2000和2010年三时期的各种湿地景观类型总平均分维值分别为1．4385、1．4387和1．4368。总平均稳定性指数分别为0．0615、0．0613和0．0632。三期湿地景观类型平均稳定性排序为：河渠〉湖泊〉水库坑塘〉永久性冰川〉滩地〉沼泽。滩地、沼泽稳定性相对较差。     

西藏拉萨河谷巴嘎雪湿地植被群落组成及其环境因素之间的相关性

文章以拉萨市巴嘎雪湿地作为研究地点,采用趋势对应分析（DCA）和典范对应分析（CCA）对该湿地植被群落结构、分布格局及其环境条件的相关性进行了研究。其结果表明,巴嘎雪湿地34种主要植物隶属18科32属,其中常见的种有芦苇、肉果草、嵩草、杉叶藻、狐尾藻、水毛茛、矮嵩草、荸荠、西藏粉报春和甘肃马先蒿等。DCA分析表明,26个样方分为三个主要组合类型,分别代表不同的生境类型;34个植物物种分为三种主要的群落类型并与CCA排序分析基本一致。CCA排序分析反映了巴嘎雪湿地植被群落结构和分布格局随着环境变化趋势形成不同物种为代表的三个群落,并且CCA分析确定了影响该湿地植被群落结构和分布格局的主要环境因子,即水位变化、电导率和小生境变化（小丘、积水等）等。     

塔里木河流域河流湿地土壤种子库结构与空间分布特征

以塔里木河流域上中下游典型河流湿地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样与室内萌发试验相结合的方法,对各典型湿地土壤种子库的组成、物种多样性和空间分布等特征进行调查分析。结果表明:1)研究区内各湿地类型的植被群落物种匮乏,伴生种较少,各典型湿地萌发的物种数为10-13种,土壤种子库密度为240-933粒/m2,属于较低水平;2)不同河流湿地断面土壤种子库密度为上游湿地最高,中上游其次,下游最低;3)土壤种子库密度的垂直分布规律为:上游各土层间无差异,中游和下游0-5 cm土层显著高于其他土层;水平分布为聚集分布。     

锡林河湿地鸟类群落多样性研究

2005～2006年,采用固定半径样点法和样线法对锡林河湿地4种生境的鸟类资源进行了调查,共记录到鸟类97种,隶属于12目33科．研究了不同生境类型中鸟类群落的多样性、均匀度、丰富度、优势度及群落问的相似性等特征．结果显示：沼泽区的鸟类群落多样性指数最高,明水区次之,草地最低．沼泽区和明水区鸟类群落间的相似性最高．     

广西海岸潮间带草本植物群落的研究

【目的】探究广西海岸潮间带草本植物区系和群落类型,为广西滨海湿地的保护与利用提供参考依据。【方法】在广西海岸东段、中段及西段潮间带选择典型的地段作为研究样地,各段设置5~8个样地,采取样方法进行调查,记录组成种类和群落类型,分析植物区系成分,编制群落分类系统。【结果】广西海岸潮间带草本植物群落物种共有29种,隶属10科18属,莎草科、禾本科、水鳖科和丝粉藻科的种类较多;根据中国湿地植被的分类系统和分类原则,结合广西海岸的具体情况,将广西海岸潮间带草本植物群落划分为4个植被型和16个群系。【结论】草本植物科、属的区系成分简单,具有很明显的热带性;潮间带草本植物群落结构简单;高潮区和河口区分布的群落较多。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that