GCr15钢的疲劳和断裂

本文研究了热处理对GCr15轴承钢断裂韧性K_(Ic)和疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN的影响。试验结果表明:基体成分及组织是影响K_(Ic)和da/dN的主要因素;淬火加热温度升高,K_(Ic)降低,da/dN增快;提高回火温度,K_(Ic)增加,da/dN减慢,但在230℃回火时,因处于回火马氏体脆性区,K_(Ic)急烈下降,da/dN增加;在低温回火范围内,淬火加热温度对K_(Ic)和da/dN的影响远比回火温度对这两种力学性能指标的影响强烈。对GCr15钢疲劳断口和疲劳裂纹扩展过程观察后认为:在门槛区附近,疲劳裂纹的扩展以沿晶为主;中速区则以断续的再生核机制进行扩展;快速区至最后断裂阶段表现为准解理和沿晶断。     

深冷处理对EA4T车轴钢马氏体组织及短裂纹行为的影响

利用光学显微镜(OM)、维氏硬度计、X射线衍射(XRD)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术等,开展深冷处理与回火顺序对EA4T车轴钢马氏体组织及其疲劳断裂性能影响的研究。研究结果表明：无论是“回火+深冷”处理还是“深冷+回火”处理,均能有效细化材料的微观组织,从而提高硬度和位错密度,但组织中含量较少的残余奥氏体无法通过深冷处理继续向马氏体转化;相对而言,经“深冷+回火”处理的试样晶粒尺寸细化效果最佳,且小角度晶界占比最多,可有效抑制裂纹的萌生;经“深冷+回火”处理后,材料微观组织对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用最强,裂纹扩展速率的下降更明显,疲劳断裂性能相对更优。     

中碳钢的回火态组织对盐水介质中疲劳裂纹扩展的影响

本文以40MnB和45Cr钢为材料,以3.5%NaCl的盐水为介质,在裂纹尖端基本上不存在应力腐蚀且裂纹中可产生腐蚀产物的条件下,试验研究了钢的回火态组织(200℃和500℃)对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响.试验结果表明:中碳钢的回火态组织对在盐水介质中疲劳裂纹的扩展有明显的影响.引起这一影响的主要原因是钢中所含的渗碳体型碳化物的数量,渗碳体型碳化物能构成微电池的阴极,经电极反应在裂纹内可产生腐蚀产物,它能降低腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率.组织中含渗碳体型碳化物越多,该组织的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率降低就越为显著.所以,改变中碳钢的回火温度,就改变了钢中含这种碳化物的数量,也就改变了腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率.疲劳断口和疲劳裂纹的显微观察表明,在盐水和空气中疲劳裂纹扩展途径基本相同.疲劳裂纹内腐蚀产物的量是控制(da/dN)_s的主要因素.     

高温短时人工时效对2524合金疲劳性能的影响

研究高温短时时效对2524合金室温拉伸及疲劳性能的影响,采用3DAP分析、透射电镜等对合金组织进行观察.结果表明:经过高温短时时效试样的抗拉强度与自然时效试样的相当,但是塑性有很大的提高;高温短时时效后试样的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比自然时效试样低.经过高温短时人工时效的2524合金组织中Cu和Mg原子发生强烈偏聚形成圆盘状的GPB区,尺寸较大,这种人工时效组织既能提高应力循环下的裂纹张开扩展阻力,又不影响裂纹闭合,从而降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率.     

固溶处理对2E12铝合金组织及疲劳断裂行为的影响

通过对2E12铝合金进行493 ℃/20 min和503℃/20 min固溶处理,研究固溶处理对2E12合金室温拉伸及疲劳性能的影响.采用X线衍射分析、扫描电镜和金相分析对合金组织及疲劳断口进行观察.研究结果表明:提高固溶处理温度对合金拉伸性能影响不大,但可明显减少合金中残留相(Al2Cu,A12CuMg)的含量;经503 ℃/20 min处理后合金的拉伸强度较经493℃/20 min处理后合金的拉伸强度略有提高,但其疲劳寿命延长约20％;合金中残留相在疲劳过程中容易开裂形成微小二次裂纹,在主裂纹扩展过程中起到桥接作用,从而加速疲劳裂纹扩展,降低合金疲劳性能.     

铁素体/贝氏体双相X80管线钢疲劳性能研究

采用MTS Landmark 370型万能机研究了全壁厚铁素体/贝氏体双相X80管线钢的疲劳性能,并通过SEM方法对钢的组织及断口进行了分析。结果表明,铁素体/贝氏体双相钢中的铁素体有大角度晶界,而贝氏体由小角度晶界的贝氏体铁素体及细小的马氏体/奥氏体(M/A)岛构成。疲劳裂纹主要在钢板表面凹坑处萌生;疲劳强度S与寿命N的关系为S=2 973×N-0.14;在裂纹扩展过程中,铁素体晶界、贝氏体及贝氏体组织中的M/A岛对疲劳裂纹扩展有抑制作用。     

超低温温度场中轴承钢显微组织转变对机械性能的影响

在超低温温度场中对GCr15轴承钢基体亚稳态组织发生相变的过程进行研究,结果表明,在一定的降温速度、温度和等温时间下,基体中的回火马氏体沉淀出碳化物弥散相,残留奥氏体继续向马氏体转变,强化了基体组织,延缓疲劳微裂纹的萌生和扩展,从而提高了轴承钢的机械性能和耐磨性.     

残余奥氏体对300M超高强度钢冲击疲劳性能的影响

研究了300M超高强度钢油淬和270度等温淬火组织中残余奥氏体（AR)对冲击疲劳性能的影响,结果表明,残余奥氏体量越多,冲击疲劳裂纹起始寿命N,越低,裂纹扩展速率da/dN越低,AR作为软相,使板条间易于相对滑移,产生微裂纹,Ag对da/dN影响的主要机制是裂纹尖端塑性区内的应奕诱发马氏体相变。     

GH36合金持久缺口敏感性与蠕变和疲劳及其交互作用下的裂纹扩展速率

研究了GH36合金持久缺口敏感性对裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:通过软化的热处理制度来改善材料的持久塑性达到消除持久缺口敏感性的目的,对在蠕变或以蠕变为主的应力条件下延缓裂纹的扩展具有重要意义;而在低周疲劳或以疲劳为主的应力条件下,裂纹扩展速率对强度敏感,而与材料是否存在持久缺口敏感性无关;提高强度可显著提高材料的抗低周疲劳裂纹扩展能力。为使材料在蠕变、疲劳以及蠕变疲劳交互作用下都只有高的抗裂纹扩展能力,应对材料进行强韧化。     

正火温度对55SiMnMo钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN的影响

本文研究了55SiMnMo钢不同温度的正火组织,取材方向对疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。其结果是:在较低的ΔK条件下,55SiMnMo钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率随正火温度的升高而增大,而在较高的ΔK条件下,则da/dN随正火温度的升高而降低。其原因,作者们认为与疲劳的性质、“块状组织”的数量、贝氏体形态及残余奥氏体的数量有关。文中还再次肯定了正火后再经400℃回火,其疲劳裂纹扩展速率远比正火高的多。不同取材方向对da/dN也有显著的影响。     

Aging behavior and fatigue crack propagation of high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc variation

In the present work, the influence of two-step aging treatments on hardness, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of two high Zn-containing Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys with zinc content variation was investigated and the detailed T76 aging parameters were proposed. The microstructure of the precipitates were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) and then quantitatively investigated with the aid of an image analysis. The fatigue performances were researched by the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate test and fracture morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the matrix precipitate size distributions of both alloys had significant difference, so as to fatigue crack propagation rates and fracture appearance. The shear and bypass mechanisms of dislocation-precipitate interactions were employed to explain the difference. Among the shearable precipitates, the proportion of larger size precipitates for the higher zinc content alloy is bigger than that for the lower zinc content alloy. The coarse shearable precipitates hinder the propagation of the fatigue cracks, leading to inferior FCP rate. For both alloys, the shear mechanism possesses the dominant factor, finally causing a preponderance in the FCP resistance for the higher zinc content alloy than the lower one.     

海底管道涡激振动疲劳可靠性分析

海底管道悬跨管段在波流联合作用下非常容易发生疲劳破坏,故提出管跨非线性涡激振动疲劳失效可靠性分析方法．通过多项Galerkin方法对海底管跨的涡激振动方程进行求解,获得系统的非线性动力响应;综合考虑管跨疲劳可靠性评估中相关参数和程序的不确定性,运用现代断裂力学的方法对管跨进行疲劳可靠性评估．分析了几个重要参数对管跨疲劳失效的影响程度,建立了基于裂纹扩展理论的海底管道疲劳可靠性分析的方法．通过实例计算与分析,验证了该方法的适用性和可靠性．     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C--Mn--Mo--Cu--Nb--Ti--B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490～640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6～15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.     

Failure analysis of 18CrNi3MoA drilling tails

The fracture of a drilling tail made of 18CrNi3MoA steel in the exchanging water hole was analyzed in terms of inclusions, prior austenite grain size, carburized layers, and fatigue fracture morphology by means of optical microscopy, quantitative metallography, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fatigue crack initiation and propagation on the drilling tail were also studied. The results showed that the fracture on the drilling tail was not induced by inclusions and the distribution inhomogeneity of prior austenite grain size. Instead, because the outside surface of the exchanging water hole was not continuously geometric, there was a great deal of stress concentration in those areas under continuous twisting, axial impact, and corrosion of mineral water. Thus three crack sources emerged in these areas. Initial cracks centered on these sources spread from the outside surface to the inside surface, and eventually the drilling tail ruptured. Furthermore, the fractograph of the region around the crack sources exhibited a typical ductile dimple fracture pattern, and cracks initiated on the outside surface of the carburized layers of the exchanging water hole. Three crack sources could be the sources of fatigue crack propagation. Based on the analysis of fatigue crack propagation, it was further demonstrated that fatigue damage originated from the outside surface of the exchanging water hole.     

Effects of the shape and size of rectangular inclusions on the fatigue cracking behavior of ultra-high strength steels

The fatigue cracking behavior of ultra-high strength steels containing rectangular inclusions of small sizes were investigated based on in situ observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The size and shape of rectangular inclusions affect markedly the initiation site and propagation path of a fatigue crack. Especially, the initiation site of a fatigue crack depends strongly on the angle between the long-axis of a rectangle inclusion and the loading direction, and the length/width ratio of this rectangle inclusion because the residual stress distribution fields vary with these conditions. The results coincide very well with those of finite element analysis.     

40SiMnV非调质钢强韧性的研究

本文研究了热加工工艺对40SiMnV非调质钢的金相组织、常规力学性能、断裂韧性、疲劳特性等机械性能的影响。研究表明,这种非调质钢具有与40Gr调质态相近的强度、缺口疲劳极限及小能量多冲抗力,但韧性指标较低。非调质钢的强韧性取决于金相组织中珠光体与先共析铁素体的相对含量、先共析铁素体的晶粒大小及沉淀硬化能力。先共析铁素体的组织参数受原奥氏体晶粒直径、冷却速度及热加工方式(轧制、锻造、正火)的控制。通过回归分析,建立了机械性能与微观组织参数间的数学模型。对非调质铜的性能特点及应用前景进行了讨论,并提出了获得良好的综合机械性能的热加工工艺优化原则。     

喷射沉积Al-20Si/SiCp复合材料的热疲劳行为

采用V型缺口试样对喷射沉积Al-20Si/SiCp复合材料进行了热循环试验,用光学金相显微镜和扫描电镜研究了在热应力作用下的热疲劳裂纹扩展方式和形态.结果表明:热疲劳裂纹优先在V型缺口处萌生;复合材料经一定的热循环次数后随相对密度的提高,裂纹扩展速率下降;在复合材料的三大相——α-Al基体、Si相以及SiC颗粒中,α-Al基体阻碍热疲劳裂纹的扩展,裂纹非连续性扩展;裂纹扩展方式受Si相的尺寸和分布状态控制,裂纹绕过Si颗粒向前扩展以及裂纹穿过Si颗粒向前扩展是裂纹碰到Si颗粒时常出现的两种机制;SiC颗粒与热疲劳裂纹有强烈的交互作用,加强SiC颗粒与基体的界面结合有利于提高热疲劳寿命.     

Fatigue small crack growth threshold determination of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at different temperatures by in-situ observation

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the fatigue crack growth threshold of a high-Nb TiAl alloy at the different temperatures based on scanning electron microscopy （SEM） in-situ observation. The results indicated that the fatigue crack growth threshold △Kth of a nearly lamellar high-Nb TiAl alloy with 8% Nb content at room temperature and 750℃ was determined as 12.89 MPa.m^1/2 and 8.69 MPa.m^1/2, respectively. The effect of the elevated temperature on the fatigue crack growth threshold cannot be ignored. At the same time, the early stage of fatigue crack propagation exhibited multicrack initiation and bridge-link behavior.     

QT工艺对一种B-Nb低碳贝氏体钢 组织及强韧性的影响

通过室温拉伸、摆锤冲击、光学及扫描电镜研究了QT(淬火+回火)工艺对实验钢晶界比例、晶粒尺寸、碳化物析出情况及强韧性的影响，并对其变体的分布及组合方式进行了分析.结果表明:随着回火温度的升高，实验钢强度逐渐降低，塑性逐渐提高;450T和500T钢断口为准解理型断裂，贝氏体板条间析出的碳化物及较低比例的大角度晶界使得冲击韧性较差;而600T和650T钢断口为韧窝断裂，组织中大角度晶界的比例增加，有效地阻碍了裂纹的扩展.变体分析表明，450T钢变体组合方式介于Bain group和CP(close packed)group之间，而600T钢变体之间呈现较明显的CP组合方式，同一CP group内的变体取向差较大，偏折了裂纹传播路径，提高了低温韧性.     

Al-Cu-Li合金轧制厚板的 疲劳性能及断裂机理研究

利用疲劳试验机、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等设备研究了95 mm厚的Al-Cu-Li合金热轧板材不同方向的组织特征、疲劳性能和断裂机理.结果表明:Al-Cu-Li合金热轧厚板的力学性能和疲劳性能均存在各向异性.LT向(横向)的力学性能和疲劳性能均优于L向(纵向)和ST向(高向),L向(纵向)的力学性能较ST向更好,但疲劳性能较ST向更差.Al-Cu-Li合金厚板的疲劳裂纹源主要出现在试样表面、近表面的夹杂物和晶界处.裂纹扩展过程中,LT向裂纹扩展路径较L向更曲折,ST向具有典型的解理特征,瞬断区形貌与静态拉伸断口相似.晶界越多,裂纹扩展阻力越大,LT向和ST向的未溶第二相能够有效阻碍裂纹扩展,导致其疲劳性能优于L向.