平顶山矿区首山一井二1煤层气储层特征

从煤厚、含气量及气体成分、煤级、储层裂隙孔隙、渗透性、储层压力、吸附特征、资源丰度等方面对平顶山矿区首山一井的主采煤层--二1煤煤层气储层特征进行了系统描述.首山一井蕴藏着丰富的煤层气资源16.9493×108m3.含气量多在8m3/t以上,气体中甲烷成分多在70%以上;二1煤具有储层压力高、解吸时间短的特点,使得地层能量充足、煤层气井初期产能大;二1煤处于中变质阶段、煤体结构相对完整造成储层渗透性较好,利于煤层气开发;指出多煤层联合开发将是该区煤层气开发的最佳途径.图2,表2,参6.     

褐煤储层含气量计算

因我国褐煤中煤层气赋存特征认知程度较低,影响了较低煤级煤层气的开发,褐煤中含气量的研究显得尤为关键。基于此,文中对采自内蒙古海拉尔盆地4个褐煤H1,H2,H3,H4样品进行煤岩煤质分析,25℃平衡水等温吸附实验。计算埋深在400～2 000 m吸附气含量;模拟在储层温度、压力、矿化度、密度条件进行甲烷溶解度的测定结果表明甲烷溶解度随压力、温度的同时增加而增大(低于80℃),基于实验结果,计算了不同埋深(温度、压力)下褐煤储层的水溶气含量;测定4个褐煤样品孔隙度,根据马略特定律计算游离气含量。由吸附气、水溶气及游离气含量计算褐煤含气量。结果表明,埋深小于1 000 m的褐煤含气量随埋深增加而增大;埋深大于1 000m随埋深增加而减少。H1含气量较低,H2,H3,H4含气量较高,400～2 000 m埋深的褐煤含气量介于2.57～6.99 m3/t之间,且均随埋深增加而增大。含气量中吸附气、水溶气、游离气含量比例分别为78.7%,9.3%,12.0%.     

铁法盆地煤层气资源条件及控气地质因素分析

铁法盆地的煤阶为长焰煤,南部地区的煤阶达到了气煤阶段,实测最大渗透率为1.51×10-3m2,平均含气量为5.84cm3/g,煤层气资源量为93.34108m3,煤层气资源条件良好。本文通过对铁法盆地煤层气地质条件和储层条件的深入分析,认为铁法盆地控气的地质因素有三个方面, 构造对煤层的沉积分布、含气量和煤层气资源量具有明显的控制作用;水文地质条件对煤层气具明显的封堵作用;区域浅成岩浆热变质提高了的煤阶、改善了煤储层的渗透性,增大了煤储层的含气量。提出了铁法盆地煤层气勘探开发的首选靶区是西南部的大兴矿一带。     

云南老厂矿区煤层气地质条件

在分析矿区地质条件、煤岩及煤储层特征的基础上,探讨研究区煤层气地质条件.结果表明:老厂矿区龙潭组和长兴组含煤性好,煤层厚度大并且分布稳定,煤质以无烟煤为主,生烃量大,生烃能力强;煤岩组分稳定,镜质组含量高,对甲烷吸附性强;煤层孔隙度较低,渗透率中等;解吸率和储层压力偏高,中等含气性,含气量在6.02 ～ 18.95 m3/t.研究区构造类型和水文地质条件相对简单,围岩封盖及地下水封堵作用强,利于煤层气的富集成藏.综合分析认为,老厂矿区属中型富甲烷煤层气目标区,煤层气成藏地质条件优越,煤层气资源丰富,开采条件优越.     

呼和湖凹陷煤层气储量及有利勘探区预测

针对海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷勘探程度较低的特点,利用钻井和地震资料的解释与反演,评价和预测了呼和湖凹陷煤层的空间分布规律、煤层厚度及煤的地质储量,结合煤层含气量参数,预测了凹陷内的煤层气资源量约为7.43×1011m3,占整个海拉尔盆地煤层气资源量的68.83%.呼和湖凹陷大二段煤层埋深适中,预测煤层气资源量较大,是煤层气勘探开发有利层段;南二段煤层埋深多在2000m左右,但预测煤层气资源量最大,值得开展研究工作.     

支持向量机预测煤层含气量

在分析煤层含气量影响因素的基础上,采用基于小样本理论的支持向量机(SVM)回归方法,建立了预测煤层含气量的计算模型。通过对沁水盆地南部目标煤层含气量影响因素分析,建立了煤变质程度、储层压力、温度及煤质特征支持向量机模型并进行了训练和测试。结果表明:SVM模型预测结果和实测结果误差小,为煤层气资源的勘探开发提供参考,是预测煤层含气量的新途径。     

开平—涧河地区煤层气赋存特征及有利区预测

通过对开平—涧河地区煤层的分布、显微组分、煤级、煤相、煤岩显微裂隙分析及试井物性分析,明确了该区的煤层气赋存、生气的地质条件以及煤层的物性特征。在此基础上对开平—涧河地区的不同深度、不同区带的煤层气资源量进行估算,划分并预测了煤层气资源分布的有利区。研究表明,该区煤层气估算总资源量为1 656.32×108m3,煤层气最有利分布深度带在750~1500 m范围内,其资源量为312.82×108m3;两个Ⅰ类勘探最有利区为开平向斜的东南翼,其次为西北翼;Ⅱ类有利区为埋深在500~750 m的开平向斜两翼,以及埋深小于1 500 m的西河凸起;Ⅲ类远景区为开平向斜轴部和涧河地区。     

煤层气含量影响因素及预测方法

为了提高煤层含气量预测效果,更准确地评价煤层气资源量、预测煤层气开发前景,以及制定合理的开发方案,基于大量文献调研,首先梳理了煤层气及煤层含气量的概念、影响因素,其次对煤层含气量预测方法的特点进行了比较分析,进而开展了煤层含气量预测方法发展趋势分析.研究表明,煤层含气量的影响因素主要包括煤的变质程度、温度、压力、煤质、煤层有效埋藏深度、储层有效厚度、储层物性等,其中,煤变质程度起着根本性作用.煤层含气量定量预测方法主要有等温吸附曲线法、含气量梯度法、测井法、地震法等.合理选择煤层含气量预测方法,开展多学科、多种预测方法综合预测含气量研究、研发新的煤层含气量预测方法是煤层含气量预测的主要发展趋势.     

古交地区煤层气地质条件及资源潜力分析

基于煤层气井实测含气量测试、镜下观察、等温吸附实验等手段,对古交地区煤储层煤岩煤质、显微裂隙、渗透率、含气性等进行了分析。结合煤层气资源丰度平面分布特征,探讨了该区煤层气基础地质条件及其资源潜力。研究表明:古交地区煤层经深成变质和岩浆热源叠加变质作用演变为现今的中高煤级焦煤、廋煤和贫煤,煤储层显微裂隙较为发育,渗透率在(0.01~0.15)×10-3μm2之间;储层压力梯度处于0.38~0.65 MPa/100 m,含气饱和度介于53.1%96.5%之间,属于欠压欠饱和煤层气藏;煤层周围致密的泥质岩层使得煤层气具有良好的保存条件,后期受东南部祁县隐伏侵入岩体以及西部狐偃山岩浆岩体的影响,二次生烃作用使得煤层含气量普遍较高,煤层平均含气量在9.8 m3/t;该区煤层气资源丰度分布在狮子沟#马兰向斜中南段和杜尔坪断裂带周围存在两个资源丰度富集区,具有较好的勘探开发前景。     

百色盆地东部坳陷北部陡坡带岩性油气藏勘探研究

百色盆地东部坳陷北部陡坡带划分为构造型、岩性和复合型 ,并已发现子寅、仑圩、塘寨、花茶四个油田 ,已探明石油地质储量 82 7× 10 4t,控制储量 12× 10 4t,预测储量 4 9× 10 4t,勘探已证实该区带是一个油气富集带。该区在始新世那读 -百岗期发育一系列冲积扇、扇三角洲及湖底扇 ,并在花茶地区分布有孔、缝、洞发育的三叠统灰岩 ,且存在多层系、多类型的复合型有利含油气圈闭 ;综合该区岩性油气藏的分布规律及其生储盖组合特征 ,并对有利的勘探目标进行分析、评价优选 ,各项证实了该区是岩性隐蔽油气勘探的最有利区块之一。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.