厦门岛西海岸低地城市土壤盐分特征

福建厦门城市绿化受到过高的土壤含盐量的影响．为了减少土壤盐分过高对绿化植物生长的负面影响。我们对厦门岛西海岸市区绿地28个土壤剖面总盐、Na^ 、Cl^-含量及其变化情况进行了研究．结果表明：厦门岛西海岸绿地土壤次生盐渍化问题突出，土壤平均含盐量为1．86，变化范围为0．28～9．33，有70％左右的土壤剖面发生不同程度的次生盐渍化．表层(0-20cm)、中层(20-40cm)和底层(40-60cm)土壤平均含盐量分别为1．67、1．88和1．97。这说明从整体上来讲厦门岛西海岸市区绿地土壤处于脱盐状态．但这并不排除局部地点的积盐状态；土壤属NaCl型盐渍土。总盐中78％以上由Na^ 和Cl^-组成．这必须引起园林绿化部门的足够重视．     

三峡工程对长江河口土壤盐渍化演变影响

为研究三峡调蓄对长江河口土壤水盐动态和土壤盐渍化演变的影响情况,进行多年数据监测、土样采集和分析,通过对三峡运行前后河口土壤水盐动态变化的对比分析和对该区不同水文年土壤盐渍化状况和特点的主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨三峡工程对河口土壤水盐平衡影响的权重及规律.结果表明:三峡运行后的河口枯水年份北支江水位月均降幅20cm左右,咸潮入侵加剧,雨季地下水和土壤积盐加剧危及作物生产;三峡运行后的枯水年汛末秋季河口土壤盐渍化加剧,土壤呈Na质盐碱化趋势,土壤剖面盐分以表聚为主,丰水年份土壤盐渍化明显改善,土壤剖面盐分以底聚淋洗主;三峡调蓄后河口不同水文年土壤盐渍化演变的较大差异性表明该区土壤水盐平衡的影响因素中气候因素更显著,三峡10~12月蓄水易增加河口枯水年份秋冬季咸潮入侵和土壤盐渍化风险,应采取合理的农耕灌排措施和Na质盐碱土改良措施防控河口枯水年份夏秋季土壤盐渍化风险.     

植物耐盐突变体筛选与耐盐转基因研究

随着土壤盐渍化的日益加剧,农业生产的可持续发展受到威胁.人们从改良盐渍土和植物耐盐育种两个方面寻求解决问题的途径.对现有植物物种进行耐盐性筛选和利用现代生物技术创造新的耐盐品种是进行植物耐盐育种的两种主要方法.随着对植物耐盐分子机制研究的不断深入和转基因技术的不断完善,利用现代生物技术方法培育高效耐盐作物品种已成为当今的研究热点.本文对近年来有关植物耐盐突变体筛选、耐盐相关基因的克隆和转基因研究进行了分析讨论.     

俄罗斯优质水稻种质资源耐盐性鉴定和耐盐指标的评价

土壤盐渍化是全球性的问题,世界五大洲及其大多岛屿的滨海地区和干旱、半干旱地带都有分布．据联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）和粮农组织（FAO）的不完全统计,全世界盐渍土壤的面积为9．54亿公顷,约占世界陆地面积的7．6％．在我国盐渍土约有0．2亿公顷,分布于全国许多地区．此外,随着全球气温升高,降雨量减少,加之不适当灌溉等因素,使土壤次生盐渍化日趋加重．盐渍化土壤严重抑制作物生长发育,造成大幅度减产．因此,土壤盐渍化已经严重影响了全球农业的可持续发展．     

试论改良和利用盐渍土壤的生物学措施

一、盐渍土壤的形成及其对植物的危害 (一)盐渍土壤的形成所谓盐渍土壤,就是那些含有过量浓度可溶性盐或者交换性钠的土壤。这种土壤对植物的生长会产生有害的效应。盐渍土壤一般可分为三类:盐土、钠性土和盐碱土。盐渍土壤的形成与许多因素有关:(1)气候因素。蒸发量大于降雨量,把地下水中的盐分带到土壤表层,水分蒸发而盐分聚集在地表,从而形成盐渍土壤。降雨过于集中,也会造成涝后积盐。(2)地形地貌。地形地貌的高低起伏影响地面、地下径流的运动,土壤的盐     

民勤青土湖区不同土地利用类型土壤盐渍化特征

以民勤青土湖区3种不同土地利用类型的土壤为研究对象,对其土壤盐渍化程度、类型以及土壤全盐和盐分离子的变化进行分析.结果表明,民勤湖区土壤pH 7.18～7.82,呈弱碱性, w(土壤全盐)=6.48×10~(-3),属于重度盐渍化土壤;土壤中阳离子以Ca~(2+)和Na~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-为主,土壤盐分以硫酸盐为主,其次是氯化盐.土地利用方式对w(土壤全盐)和w(盐分离子)有较大影响, 20世纪60年代人工林地的最高,弃耕还林地次之,弃耕地最低.弃耕地自然恢复有利于降低w(土壤全盐)和w(盐分离子).相同的土地利用方式,不同植被对w(土壤全盐)有显著影响, 3种人工林中柽柳林地的w(土壤全盐)最高,沙枣林地次之,梭梭林地最低.盐生植物随着生长时间的增加对土壤盐渍化有显著影响,种植柽柳增加了w(土壤全盐),种植梭梭降低了w(土壤全盐).     

松嫩平原盐碱化土地的修复与调控研究

松嫩平原盐碱土是世界三大苏打盐碱土集中分布区之一。近年来，由于自然因素和人为因素的共同作用，盐碱化土地面积逐年增加，盐碱化程度不断加深，严重影响到该区国民经济、社会和生态环境的可持续发展。从其成因入手，根据盐碱化的强度和特征，着眼于自然恢复与植物修复，并辅以人工调控，从而促进盐碱化土地逐渐向良性方向发展。     

黄河三角洲盐渍土盐分特征研究

表层土壤含盐量,以及盐分组成和积盐厚度等是研究土壤盐渍化程度分级应考虑的主要因素.对研究区盐渍土野外调查、采样和土样化学分析基础上,利用统计分析方法,对黄河三角洲盐渍土盐分特征进行了研究,结果表明,该研究区表层土壤总体含盐量较高,且盐渍化程度差异较大.土壤盐分中,阴离子以Cl-为主,占阴离子总量的89.95%,阳离子含量以Na 为主,占阳离子总量85.72%.盐分组成为钠型盐氯化物占优势,主要的可溶性盐为NaCl,其次是Na2SO4和CaCl2,MgCl2位居第三.对该区域表层土壤给出了由电导率预测Cl-、Na 和土壤盐分含量的模型.模型预测精度可靠,可用来快速、经济地模拟和预测该地区的土壤Cl-和Na 的含量.     

废弃采石场自然恢复过程中土壤和植被特征

用空间代替时间的生态学研究方法,对北京市门头沟区妙峰山镇自然恢复1、5、15、32年等4个不同演替阶段的废弃采石场和一个未受采石影响且自然恢复大于50年的对照样地的土壤理化性质、植物群落物种组成、群落特征及其与土壤性状之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明,在自然恢复初期,土壤肥力极低,严重缺乏氮素和有机质;植物物种组成简单,主要为牛筋草(Eleusine indica)和画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa).随着生态恢复的进行,土壤有机质不断积累,土壤养分呈增多趋势,土壤粒径、土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤物理化学性状逐渐得到改善.自然恢复过程中,群落优势物种演替缓慢,在自然恢复5、15年的样地中,优势物种都是虎尾草(Chloris virgata)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis),直到32年时,优势物种才被灌木荆条(Vitex negundo var.heterophylla)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)和多年生中华隐子草(Cleistogenes chinensis)所代替,这与自然恢复大于50年对照样地中的优势物种情况基本一致.Jaccard系数表明,恢复32年的样地与对照样地相比已达到中等相似水平.自然恢复过程中,植被总盖度和地上生物量总体呈增大趋势,物种多样性、物种丰富度先逐渐增加,到32年后才保持相对稳定.在生态恢复过程中,土壤理化性状的变化与群落结构动态相对应.本研究表明,自然生态恢复的过程是土壤-植被系统协同演化的过程,北京西山废弃采石场可以依靠自然力恢复到对照样地状态,但过程较为缓慢,要加快生态恢复的进程,需适当予以人工辅助.     

水盐迁移模式及运移机理研究进展

土壤盐渍化是目前众多交叉学科研究的一个热点问题,涉及到土壤学、环境科学、岩土工程等学科知识.科学认识土壤中水盐迁移模式及运移机理,对农业工程治理土壤盐渍化以及路基工程预防路基盐渍化具有重要意义.介绍了国内外农业工程领域比较认同的水分迁移模式(毛细管作用假说、薄膜水迁移理论、结晶力理论与吸附—薄膜理论)、盐渍土离子迁移方式(渗流迁移、扩散迁移与渗流—扩散混合迁移)与土壤中水-热、水-盐、水-热-盐运移机理与模型,以及公路工程领域相关的研究进展,并对相关模型原理、异同点、优缺点、适用性及应用状况进行了分析评价.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-