皋兰山三台阁滑坡特征及形成机理

本文在对皋兰山三台阁滑坡详细勘探和大量室内试验的基础上，论述了滑坡的性质、特征、发生原因及形成年代，得出三台阁二个古滑坡是在4000－6000年前产生在巨得层黄土内部的大型黄土滑坡，滑坡发生后滑体完全脱离了黄土滑床，并沿下部基岩斜坡继续滑动，将一半滑体滑入了当时流径坡脚的黄河，其后在古滑坡体上又发生了两期规模较小的 一级滑动。经计算在正常条件下这些滑动均属稳定，但在8度地震条件下滑坡各部均不稳定。     

泾河下游台塬区黄土滑坡类型与时空分布规律

泾河下游台塬区黄土滑坡频繁发生,曾造成严重的人员伤亡和经济财产损失。以"泾河南岸泾阳段黄土滑坡调查评价"项目为依托,对区内滑坡的类型及分布情况进行了较为详细的野外调查。根据调查结果将黄土滑坡按诱发因素及运动特征划分为灌溉流滑型黄土滑坡、灌溉滑动型黄土滑坡、侵蚀滑动型黄土滑坡、侵蚀滑塌型黄土滑坡及开挖垮塌型黄土崩塌5个类型。在此基础上对黄土滑坡的时空分布规律进行了研究,结果表明:区内黄土滑坡的时间分布特征表现为黄土滑坡日趋频繁和春季多发,空间特征表现为黄土滑坡多塬段群发和区域破坏模式差异,这些特征系人类工程活动与其它地质环境条件耦合作用的结果。灌溉诱发型黄土滑坡具有典型的多序次破坏特征,从一定程度上体现了滑坡在时间与空间上的相互关系。     

甘肃黑方台静态液化型黄土滑坡滑距预测模型

黑方台位于中国甘肃省永靖县,长年的农业灌溉使其台塬边发育了大量的黄土滑坡,其中突出一类为静态液化型黄土滑坡,具有运动距离远,危害性大的特点。文章结合运用摄影测量技术与统计分析方法,研究了静态液化型黄土滑坡的基本特征参数,建立了滑坡体积、滑坡后退距离和堆积体平均宽度的关系。利用滑坡形成的泥流屈服应力获得了坡度与滑坡堆积体淤积厚度的关系。以滑坡后退距离和前缘坡体平均坡度两个简单参数建立了黑方台静态液化型黄土滑坡的滑距预测模型,具有较好的适用性。     

基于降雨入渗深度反演的某黄土滑坡机理研究

黄土滑坡是我国西北地区常见的地质灾害,且滑动突然,规模巨大.针对黄土滑坡特点,在探讨滑坡滑动机理时,提出根据降雨入渗深度为界限,上部土体采用饱和土体的相应计算参数,下部土体采用天然土体的相应计算参数分段赋值的新思路.应用上述思路,在对甘肃某黄土滑坡现场勘察、确定利用遗传算法反演边坡稳定分析的重要参数--降雨入渗深度的基础上,结合数值分析软件FLAC2D和FLAC/SLOPE对该滑坡进行了详细分析.结果表明遗传算法反演岩土力学参数是可行的;该滑坡滑动时的降雨入渗深度为5.3m;滑动机理为降雨入渗导致黄土坡体上部推动下部滑动的推移式滑坡.图5,表1,参12.     

中国黄土山城“依山造居”的几个灾害问题讨论（Ⅳ）：黄土泥流分析

对中国黄土山城“依山造居”的几个灾害问题（如黄土层地震反应、黄土滑坡、黄土沉陷、黄土泥流等）进行了分析。在此仅讨论黄土泥流问题，阐述了黄土泥流的分布特征；在大量调查与实验资料的基础上，分析了黄土泥流的形成条件；提出了一种黄土泥流蠕、滑动液化机理；推导出了伴随滑坡的黄土泥流速度公式；最后提出了黄土泥流的防治措施。     

裂缝对灌溉诱发黄土滑坡的影响——以陕西省泾阳南塬为例

泾阳南塬裂缝洞穴很发育,加之当地居民为了提高农业产量一般都采取漫灌方式浇地,这导致了南塬黄土滑坡频繁发生,给当地造成了很大的经济损失,甚至人员伤亡,因此研究裂缝对黄土滑坡的影响有很重要的实际意义。通过现场灌溉试验、地下水位测量和黄土的基本物理力学性质试验,基于非饱和土渗流和强度理论,采用简化Bishop方法,计算黄土斜坡的稳定性。结果表明:南塬塬下在4～5月地下水位最高,平均在地面以下10. 73 m,2015年内变化幅度约为5. 0 m;塬上地下水位埋深约为31. 60 m,年变化幅度较小。农田灌溉水位高出地面约5. 0 cm,历时约100 min。在缝深小于9. 26 m时、距离塬边50 m范围内不灌溉和高的地下水位情况下,裂缝塬边距小于20 m时,泾阳南塬斜坡稳定安全系数随着裂缝塬边距的增加而减小,随着裂缝深度增加而减小;当塬边距大于20 m时,稳定安全系数随着裂缝塬边距和裂缝深度的变化较小,黄土斜坡均处于不稳定状态或者极限平衡状态。得出了保持黄土斜坡稳定时裂缝深度、裂缝位置的临界状态线。当处于状态线以内时,斜坡稳定;否则,不稳定。1976年以前的斜坡稳定性结果验证了以前南塬很少发生滑坡的现象。高的地下水位下,距塬边50 m外灌溉还是不能保证斜坡稳定性。     

强震触发石碑塬滑坡黄土动力特性

1920年海原地震触发了宁夏固原石碑塬大型黄土滑坡,黄土液化是滑坡产生的主要原因之一。通过对石碑源滑坡黄土动三轴试验研究,探讨了强震作用下石碑塬滑坡黄土的动力特性,并依据试验成果,从液化的地震强度条件、地层特性、水文地质条件等方面论述了石碑塬滑坡的形成机制。结果表明:相同围压下滑移区外饱和黄土的初始动弹性模量和达到相同动应变所需的动应力远远大于滑坡后壁和滑移区饱和带黄土,说明在同一地震动作用下滑移区外黄土较不易发生破坏。同时,对黄土的液化判定也表明滑移区外黄土不液化,滑坡后壁和滑移区饱和带黄土可能液化,并且液化的同时抗剪强度衰弱。石碑塬滑坡处于饱和状态的砂质黄土层在强烈的地震荷载作用下,孔隙水压力累积增长并伴随着残余变形的不断增大,最终饱和砂质黄土发生液化流滑;液化的同时,抗剪强度降低,结构遭到破坏。     

黄土地区地形特征参数分布特征的统计分析

黄土高原长期在风力和水力交互的外动力地质作用下,形成了以塬、梁、峁为主的特殊地理景观和地貌类型.研究不同黄土地形的特征参数的分布特征对探索黄土地震滑坡的形成机理和古地震滑坡的地形恢复具有重要的理论和实际意义.以黄土地区为背景,选取600组典型的黄土塬、梁、峁的地形数据,在ArcGIS软件平台的支持下,基于30 m精度的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)数据,运用3D Analyst功能对黄土塬、梁、峁的坡度与坡向这两种地形特征参数进行提取与分析,并将其与滑坡的滑动方向、原始坡角进行对比.结果 表明:黄土塬、梁、峁的坡度分布范围分别为8.189°～48.66°、0.917° ～44.052°、2.16°～42.91°;塬的坡度最大值的坡向主要集中在北、西北、东北方向,坡度最小值坡向分布在西南、南方向;梁的坡度最大值的坡向主要分布在东、西,坡度最小值坡向分布在东北、北方向;峁的坡度最大值的坡向主要分布在南、西南方向,坡度最小值坡向分布在东北方向.统计结果表明,塬、梁、峁的坡度值分布基本符合正态分布;滑坡的滑动方向与其所在地貌单元的斜坡坡度最大值的坡向基本一致,其原始坡角与其所在黄土地貌的斜坡坡度最大值相近.研究结果对研究黄土地区滑坡的发育机理以及古滑坡原始地形恢复结果合理性的检验具有一定的参考价值.     

泾阳南塬黄土滑坡冲击阶地易侵蚀层过程模拟

为探讨泾阳南塬地区黄土滑坡的高速远程的运动特征以及在运动过程中对阶地易侵蚀基层破坏迹象的产生机理。以泾阳南塬西庙店滑坡为研究对象,通过野外调查、勘探查明其运动特征,运用颗粒流离散元法模拟滑坡运动过程、机理。结果表明:滑坡运动过程中,滑体对阶地易侵蚀基层的冲击刮铲作用显著,宏观上表现为滑坡前缘地层隆起与逆冲剪断。滑坡滑动产生的振动作用使阶地粉土发生液化,液化后的粉土在超孔隙水压力作用下沿上覆土体导水通道涌出,形成显著的"涌砂"现象。滑坡运动全过程历时84 s,滑体颗粒最大运动速度36.2 m/s,最大运动距离253.2 m,具有典型的"高速"、"远程"特征。分析得到2点结论:①泾阳南塬典型高速远程黄土滑坡运动过程可分为3个阶段,即,冲击置换的加速阶段(0～2.9 s)、滑覆铲刮的减速阶段(2.9～5.7s)与堆积推覆的慢速波动阶段(5.7～84 s);②滑体速度场变化特征明显,也可划分为3个阶段,即,加速阶段(0～2.9 s)、减速阶段(2.9～5.7 s)以及慢速波动阶段(5.7～84 s)。     

黄土高边坡的滑坡机理与稳定分析方法的探讨

本文对宝鸡峡引渭灌溉工程塬边渠道黄土高边坡滑坡问题进行了研究探讨。结合86公里段滑坡,从理论上分析了黄土高边坡的形成原因及机理;在对滑坡床土料取得室内大量试验资料的基础上,对86公里段滑坡进行了各种方案的电算分析,进一步验证了成因及机理分析的正确。同时对整治方案也进行了多种情况电算分析及稳定性评价。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.