双频超声强化对三七总皂苷提取的影响

采用双频超声（40kHz／25kHz）技术对三七总皂苷提取进行强化，选择乙醇质量分数、料液比、超声作用时间及提取温度因素进行正交试验，得出影响总三七总皂苷提取率的大小次序先后为：乙醇质量分数〉超声作用时间〉料液比〉提取温度，优选出双频超声提取最佳工艺条件：质量分数为80％的乙醇，超声作用时间为30min，料液比为1：20，提取温度为40℃．在这个最佳条件下试验，三七总皂苷提取率为82．41％．采用碘化钾溶液中碘的释放量来研究超声空化事件。结果表明：在相同的超声电功率下，双频超声释放碘的量远大于单频25kHz超声和单频40kHz超声释放的碘。     

非同频超声处理对红薯淀粉结构及性质的影响

研究了单频25,kHz、40,kHz及双频25,kHz+40,kHz超声处理对红薯淀粉结构及性质的影响.由扫描电镜分析图可知,超声处理能够使淀粉颗粒表面出现裂纹和不均匀孔洞,且双频超声作用效果最明显.由红外分析光谱可知,超声作用破坏了淀粉的结晶区和无定形区的相对大小,无定形结构部分增加,其尖峰衍射特征强度减弱,相对结晶度降低,与原淀粉相比,双频超声处理后的淀粉结晶度降低6.15%.Brabender曲线表明,淀粉经超声处理后黏度降低,双频超声处理后的淀粉峰值黏度比原淀粉降低12.08%.超声处理后淀粉的透明度、溶解度均提高,其中双频超声处理30,min时,透射比比原淀粉增加69.85%;双频超声处理60,min时,溶解度比原淀粉增加26.83%.单频25,kHz、40,kHz和双频25,kHz+40,kHz比较,双频超声处理对淀粉的结构和性质影响效果高于单频超声.     

基于多模式超声场作用下的空泡空化机理

为构建多模式超声空化机理,研究了空泡脉动的空化行为.利用PVDF压电薄膜传感器对多模式超声场进行实时监测,获得了单频、双频和三频组合下的超声空化噪声信号,在此基础上进行傅立叶转换,得到了频域谱线,根据不同频率组合下的超声波形,推算出了相应的峰值声强和平均声强.结果表明:三频同时工作获得的噪声信号强度高于双频同时工作获得的噪声信号强度,单频获得的噪声信号强度最低;多频超声场的频谱幅值高于单频超声场的频谱幅值,频谱出现2个峰值,主要集中在低频区域;三频超声作用下获得的空间峰值声强和平均声强最大,单频超声下的峰值声强和平均声强最小.     

用三种方法研究双频超声空化增强效应

分别使用TA荧光法、碘释放法和电学法对28kHz分别与1．04MHz和1．7MHz组成的双频超声辐照系统的空化增强效应进行了研究．结果表明，双频超声辐照能明显增强空化效应，其声空化产额均显大于各频率单独辐照方式的声空化产额之代数和．对双束超声空化增强效应的机理从3个方面进行了分析：(1)双频辐射增强样品的机械振动，有助于更多的空气经液体表面进入液体而导致空化核增加；(2)在双频超声作用下，各自产生空化过程，当各自空化内爆时，会产生许多新的空化核，这些空化核为另一频率的空化提供了更多与其共振频率接近的空化核；(3)由于气泡在低频负压相内准静压力减小，从而降低丁空化的阀值．而在低频的正压相内，气泡的内爆强度增加，因而提高了其声空化产额．     

超声波结合稀碱预处理玉米秸秆发酵的研究

将超声波萃取工艺结合传统的稀碱法对玉米秸秆进行发酵预处理研究。结果表明：2%NaOH溶液预处理1d,再采用双频（28kHz,60W;20kHz,900W）超声60min预处理的样品,比未做任何处理的样品产气量提高18.13%,比2%NaOH预处理3d、但未作超声处理的样品产气量提高8.58%,并且还可以节约12%的时间成本。发酵条件优化得最佳预处理方案为：固液比1∶12,单频(20kHz,900W),超声30min。     

米糠蛋白的脉冲超声辅助提取技术

用脉冲超声辅助提取技术提取脱脂米糠中的蛋白质，考察主要提取因素对米糠蛋白提取率的影响．在液料温度26℃、脉冲超声频率0．25Hz、脉冲超声间隔2s及pH4．5时进行米糠蛋白酸沉的状态下，分别设定不同的提取时间、超声功率、液料比、pH，进行单因素和正交试验，优化得到的工艺条件为：提取时间80min，超声功率600W，液料比9：1，pH9，在此条件下，米糠蛋白提取率为48．3％，纯度为75．9％．脉冲超声辅助法的工艺条件优于碱法和酶法；米糠蛋白提取率高于碱法，稍低于酶法；米糠蛋白纯度与碱法差别不大，稍低于酶法．这表明脉冲超声辅助法能应用于米糠蛋白的提取．     

双频超声联合稀碱预处理玉米秸秆厌氧发酵工艺参数优化

为了提高秸秆厌氧消化的产气量以及产气效率,采用双频超声波与稀碱相结合的预处理方法对玉米秸秆进行预处理,研究了玉米秸秆质量、超声作用时间、单/双频以及稀碱(2%Na OH)预处理时间对玉米秸秆厌氧消化性能的影响,得到双频超声联合稀碱预处理玉米秸秆厌氧发酵的最佳工艺参数为:秸秆质量52 g,双频超声作用,作用时间30 min,稀碱预处理1.5 d。实验结果表明:采用双频超声最优预处理条件下的厌氧发酵效果最佳,比经稀碱预处理的玉米秸秆沼气产量提高18.00%,甲烷产量提高35.71%,厌氧消化时间缩短21.21%,比单频超声联合稀碱预处理玉米秸秆沼气产量提高12.80%,甲烷产量提高18.32%,厌氧消化时间缩短10.34%。     

超声对川黄柏中小檗碱提出率的影响

把超声技术用于从中药川黄柏中提取小檗碱常规的酸性浸泡工艺中，探讨了不同频率超声、提取时间等对小檗碱提出率的影响．实验结果表明，使用２０ｋＨｚ的超声对川黄柏提取３０ｍｉｎ，其小檗碱的提出率比酸性浸泡２４ｈ高２８．３２％，且超声提取工艺简单，省时，节能．     

超声波法提取甘草中的甘草酸

为了研究甘草酸的提取及提高提取产率的方法,以新疆乌拉尔甘草的粗粉为原料,研究了超声波条件下影响提取率的几个因素,包括溶剂、超声波作用的时间、静置时间等,结果表明：用超声波法提取,以70％乙醇为提取溶剂,超声频率为40kHz,超声作用时间为1h,静置24h,甘草酸的提取率可达18．41％．     

单双泡空化噪声计算分析

基于由单双泡动力学方程和Lighthill方程创建起来的单双泡空化噪声模型,通过Matlab语言编程计算,分析了水中空化泡的初始半径、双泡间距、声压幅值、超声频率、双频超声等因素对空化噪声的影响.计算及分析结果表明:在相同的初始条件下,单双泡的空化噪声曲线有不同的形态,双泡产生的空化噪声远大于单泡;对于单泡,空化泡的初始半径、声压幅值、超声频率、双频超声对空化噪声均有影响,其中空化泡初始半径和声压幅值的影响最为显著,在双频条件下,两声压分量幅值相等时单泡空化噪声达到最大.对于双泡,初始半径和声压幅值对空化噪声影响很大,而超声频率和双频超声对空化噪声的影响几乎可以忽略.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.