尿激酶原激活是其催化纤溶酶原激活的限速步骤

尿激酶原催化纤溶酶原的激活包括3个反应：（1）尿激酶原内在酶活性催化纤溶酶原转化为纤溶酶；（2）纤溶酶激活尿激酶原变成尿激酶；（3）尿激酶激活纤溶酶原，所以一直以来人们对尿激酶原激活纤溶酶原的过程知之甚少．研究发现EACA可以抑制尿激酶原催化的纤溶酶原激活。通过EACA对上述3个反应的影响进行逐个分析，观察到在EACA浓度为2．0mmol／L时，尿激酶原内在酶活性催化纤溶酶原激活的反应速度提高了4．5倍，尿激酶激活纤溶酶原的反应速度提高了6倍．相反地，纤溶酶激活尿激酶原变成尿激酶的反直被抑制了50％，此反应决定了EACA对尿激酶原催化纤溶酶原激活反应的抑制作用．该结果提示尿激酶原催化纤溶酶原激活反应的限速步骤是纤溶酶激活尿激酶原变成尿激酶，缘于纤溶酶和尿激酶原的赖氨酸结合位点的相互作用．     

Kunitz抑制剂家族成员抑肽酶对纤溶酶原活化的抑制作用

抑肽酶属Kunitz抑制剂家族成员，能够抑制激肽释放酶、纤溶酶及胰蛋白酶的蛋白水解活性．研究表明，抑肽酶能够抑制尿激酶型-纤溶酶原激活刹（u—PA）和组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）对纤溶酶原的激活，但不影响u—PA和t—PA对小分子底物的酰胺水解活性．用u—PA研究了上述作用的机制，发现抑肽酶与u—PA的丝氨酸蛋白酶功能区特异性结合，而与纤溶酶原没有相互作用．抑肽酶与uPA的结合并不阻断u—PA的活性位点，因为u—PA对小分子底物的水解活性仍然保持．上述发现提示抑肽酶可能存在另一种抑制作用模式，该模式不同于以前报道的关于Kunitz抑制剂或纤溶酶原激活酶抑制剂的作用．由于人体内的Kunitz抑制剂与抑肽酶在结构上非常相似，根据研究结果，推测体内纤溶酶原的激活作用并非仅受丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的控制。     

重组人尿激酶原氨基末端片段的制备及活性测定

尿激酶原的N-末端135个氨基酸片段包含了表皮生长因子结构域和环柄结构域，参与了尿激酶原和其受体的结合以及尿激酶原诱导的化学趋化活性．利用RT-PCR，从人脐带静脉内皮细胞中克隆ATF基因．将ATF基因插入pET-29a( )中构建表达质粒pET-29a( )／ATF，并转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中，经IPTG诱导表达及纯化后，从每升培养液中获得15mg rhATF，其纯度超过95％．活性测定结果表明rhATF能够阻断尿激酶原与尿激酶受体的结合，并能抑制尿激酶对纤溶酶原以及纤溶酶对尿激酶原的激活．     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂(uPA)系统在子宫内膜癌中的研究进展

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活系统是纤溶系统的重要组成部分，它通过水解细胞外间质，参与组织改造和细胞迁移，在肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移中发挥作用；讨论了uPA系统的结构、作用机理及与子宫内膜癌的关系，旨在为子宫内膜癌的诊断和治疗提供新方法。     

人血管生成抑制素基因的克隆、序列分析及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

血管生成抑制素是新发现的一种血管生成抑制因子,能抑制肿瘤的生长和转移,有临床应用前景．根据血管生成抑制素是纤溶酶原的一个内片段的特点,以人纤溶酶原cDNA为模板,用PCR扩增出人血管生成抑制素基因,经序列分析后克隆至质粒pBV220转化大肠杆菌DH5α,在温度诱导下获得高效表达．SDS-PAGE及West-ern印迹分析显示：表达产物占菌体总蛋白的38％,相当于212mg／L,并具有免疫活性．生物活性分析结果表明,重组人血管生成抑制素能抑制bFGF诱导的CAM血管生成、抑制C57BL／6小鼠皮下原位B16黑色素瘤生长．     

用脾内免疫法制备抗人尿激酶单克隆抗体

用常规免疫法制备抗人尿激酶单克隆抗体费时、费样品。本文采用脾内直接注射的免疫方法,利用杂交瘤技术制备了3C_6抗尿激酶单克隆抗体,3C_6单克隆抗体属IgM亚类,主要识别MW 54,000的高分子量尿激酶和MW 33,000的低分子量尿激酶。3C_6单克隆抗体与结构类似的胰蛋白酶和纤溶酶原无交叉反应,与胰凝乳蛋白酶原和胰凝乳蛋白酶有一定程度的交叉反应。     

尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物对关节软骨蛋白多糖的影响

观察尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物（urokinase-type plasminogen activator,uPA）对关节软骨基质中蛋白多糖的影响.实验选择健康新西兰大白兔42只并随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组24只,对照组18只;实验组在右膝关节内注射uPA 0.4μg/0.2mL,对照组注射等容量的生理盐水,注射后在4周、8周、12周分批处死取兔软骨提取测定葡糖氨基聚糖（glycosaminoglycan,GAG）含量.结果显示,在不同时期,GAG的总含量均减少,这些改变随时间的延长而渐不明显.由此可知,尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活物能降解关节软骨蛋白多糖,进而导致关节软骨的破坏.     

人纤溶酶原K1—3区基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

将人纤溶酶原Krigle 1-3(K1-3)基因插入融合表达载体pET-17b，获得重组质粒pET-K13,转化E.coli BI21(DE3),在IPTG诱导下，人纤溶酶原K1－3基因在E.coli BI21(DE3,pET-K13)中获得高效融合表达，表达量占菌体总蛋白的24％，表达产物以包函体存在，Western blot证明重组 蛋白对人纤溶酶原抗血清有特异免疫原性。     

抗凝血蛋白药物的研究进展

除了血液中的抗凝因子外，自然界中还存在大量具有抗凝活性的生物大分子，如水蛭素、蚯蚓纤溶酶等．基础研究证实这些抗凝刑的作用一般是通过三方面得以实现：一是抑制凝血酶及凝血酶活化因子活性；二是水解血纤维蛋白或纤溶酶原；三是抑制血小板凝聚．由于这些活性物质具有高效的抗凝、溶栓作用，它们极有可能发展成治疗血栓性疾病的药物．     

基于深度学习的SARS-CoV-2 RBD-ACE2结合亲和力预测方法

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)的快速变异导致不断出现新的毒株.已有研究表明SARS-CoV-2的S蛋白受体结合域(Receptor Binding Domain,RBD)与宿主ACE2的结合亲和力与病毒的侵染能力相关.随着新型冠状病毒在全球的持续暴发，出现了大量RBD多点突变的新毒株.通过生物试验方式获得突变毒株RBDACE2结合亲和力费时费力，远远落后于突变株的积累，不能满足对该病毒实时监控的需求.为了快速预测具有多点突变毒株的结合亲和力，设计了一种深度神经网络模型.该模型结合卷积神经网络、循环神经网络与注意力机制，从RBD序列上学习关键特征并预测RBD-ACE2的结合亲和力,在真实数据集上对模型进行训练和评估.实验结果表明新模型可以有效地预测关切变异株的RBD-ACE2结合亲和力，也有助于对SARSCoV-2突变株的传播能力进行监控.     

Structural characteristics and biological functions of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 region

Recent studies demonstrate that the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 plays an important role in the attachment of HIV-1 to the target cells. Several amino acids in this domain are involved in the interaction of gp120 with the co-receptors. The V3 loop elicits one of the earliest antiviral antibody responses in HIV-1 infection and has been identified as the principal neutralizing determinant (PND). A subset of antibodies to V3 loop show a broad range of neutralizing activity. Unfortunately, this loop undergoes broad mutation and is one of the hypervariable regions. Mutations of some amino acids in this PND could affect syncytium formation, virus infectivity and neutralization. Knowing the structural characteristics and biological functions of the V3 region could help us to understand mechanism of HIV infection and to develop new strategy against HIV-1. In this review, the structural characteristics, variation and biological functions of the V3 loop as well as immunological responses to the V3 loop are discussed.     

Prevention of HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees by gp120 V3 domain-specific monoclonal antibody.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the late-stage clinical manifestation of long-term persistent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Immune responses directed against the virus and against virus-infected cells during the persistent infection fail to mediate resolution of the infection. As a result, a successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of the persistent infection following introduction of the virus into the host. The third hypervariable (V3) domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is a disulphide-linked closed loop of about 30 amino acids which binds and elicits anti-HIV-1 type-specific virus-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro characteristics of anti-V3 domain antibody suggest that this antibody could by itself prevent HIV-1 infection in vivo, an idea supported by chimpanzee challenge studies in which protection against the HIV-1 persistent infection seemed to correlate with the presence of anti-V3 domain antibody. Here we directly demonstrate the protective efficacy of anti-V3 domain antibody in vivo and propose that this antibody is potentially useful as both a pre- and post-exposure prophylactic agent.     

HIV requires multiple gp120 molecules for CD4-mediated infection

Binding of glycoprotein gp120 to the T cell-surface receptor CD4 is a crucial step in CD4-dependent infection of a target cell by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Blocking some or all gp120 molecules on the viral surface should therefore inhibit infection. Consequently, competitive receptor inhibitors, such as soluble synthetic CD4 (sCD4), synthetic CD4 peptides and immunoglobulins, have been investigated in vitro and in vivo, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of these inhibitors. We have now quantitatively examined blocking by soluble CD4 in the hope of gaining insight into the complex process of viral binding, adsorption and penetration. At low sCD4 concentrations, the inhibition in three HIV strains is proportional to the binding of gp120. The biological association constant (gp120-sCD4 Kassoc) for HIV-2NIHZ is (8.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(7) M-1, whereas Kassoc for HIV-1HXB3 (1.4 +/- 0.2) and HIV-1MN (1.7 +/- 0.1) x 10(9) M-1 are 15-20-fold larger. For all three viral strains, the biological Kassoc from infectivity assays is comparable to the chemical Kassoc. The inhibitory action of sCD4 at high concentrations, however, is not fully explained by simple proportionality with the binding to gp120. Positive synergy in blocking of infection occurs after about half the viral gp120s molecules are occupied, and is identical for all three viral strains, despite the large differences in Kassoc. Our method of measuring the viral-cell receptor Kassoc directly from infectivity assays is applicable to immunoglobulins, to other viruses and to assays using primary or transformed cell lines.     

Predefined GPGRAFY-Epitope-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies with Different Activities for Recognizing Native HIV-1 gp120

A seven-amino acid epitope GPGRAFY at the tip of the V3 loop in HIV-1 gp120 is the principal neutralizing epitope, and a subset of anti-V3 antibodies specific for this epitope shows a broad range of neutralizing activity. GPGRAFY-epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies were produced using predefined GPGRAFY-epitope-specific peptides instead of a natural or recombinant gp120 bearing this epitope. All six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) could recognize the GPGRAFY-epitope on peptides and two of the antibodies, 9D8 and 2D7, could recognize recombinant gp120 in enzymelinked immunosorkentassy (ELISA) assays. In the flow cytometry analysis, the mAbs 9D8 and 2D7 could bind to HIV-Env CHO-WT cells and the specific bindings could be inhibited by the GPGRAFY-epitope peptide, which suggests that these two mAbs could recognize the native envelope protein gp120 expressed on the cell membrane. However, in syncytium assays, none of the mAbs was capable of inhibiting HIV-Env-mediated cell membrane fusion. The different activities for recognizing native HIV-1 gp120 might be associated with different antibody affinities against the epitopes. The development of conformational mimics of the neutralization epitope in the gp120 V3 loop could elicit neutralizing mAbs with high affinity.     

A naturally immunogenic virion-associated protein specific for HIV-2 and SIV

The genomic organization of HIV-1 and the family of HIV-2 and SIV viruses is similar. However, there is an open reading frame, orf-x, that is present in HIV-2 and SIV, but not in HIV-1. The extent of protein sequence conservation in orf-x between HIV-2ROD and SIVMAC suggests that this open reading frame encodes a gene that may be important for infectivity or replication. Here, we show that the orf-x products of SIVMAC and HIV-2SBL-6669 are virion-associated and that the introduction of a premature stop codon into orf-x, did not abrogate virus infectivity and replication in vitro. Antibody reactivity to the orf-x product was detected in 35 of 42 HIV-2 positive serum samples and 11 of 52 SIV seropositive monkeys. No such antibodies were detected in HIV-1 positive donors, blood donors seronegative for both HIV-2 and HIV-1, or SIV seronegative monkeys. This suggests that orf-x is dispensable for in vitro replication of SIVMAC and that the orf-x gene product of HIV-2 or its antibody can be used to distinguish HIV-2 from HIV-1 infection.     

Role of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in luteolysis—a minireview

This minireview summarized our recent studies on the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in luteolysis. We have demonstrated that (1) both tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were present in the corpus luteum of rat and rhesus monkey; (2) decrease in progesterone production in corpus luteum was well correlated with a sharp increase in tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion; (3) exogenous tPA decreased luteal progesterone synthesis while monoclonal antibodies increased progesterone production; (4) interferony inhibited luteal progesterone synthesis and stimulated tPA production while LH plus prolactin increased progesterone production and decreased tPA (hut not uPA) activity in cultured luteal cells; (5) increase in proteolysis in the corpus luteum was also correlated with decrease in progesterone production in mouse. These data suggest that local degradation of extracellular matrix controlled by plasminogen activator and inhibitor is involved in the processes of luteolysis.     

Role of plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in luteolysis——a minireview

This minireview summarized our recent studies on the role of plasminogen activator (PA) and inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) in luteolysis. We have demonstrated that (1) both tissue type and urokinase type plasminogen activators (tPA and uPA) and a plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were present in the corpus luteum of rat and rhesus monkey; (2) decrease in progesterone production in corpus luteum was well correlated with a sharp increase in tPA (but not uPA) and PAI-1 secretion; (3) exogenous tPA decreased luteal progesterone synthesis while monoclonal antibodies increased progesterone production; (4) interferon y inhibited luteal progesterone synthesis and stimulated tPA production while LH plus pro-lactin increased progesterone production and decreased tPA (but not uPA) activity in cultured luteal cells; (5) increase in proteolysis in the corpus luteum was also correlated with decrease in progesterone production in mouse. These data suggest that local degradation of extracellular matrix controlled by plasminogen activator and inhibitor is involved in the processes of luteolysis.     

Origin of AIDS: contaminated polio vaccine theory refuted

Despite strong evidence to the contrary, speculation continues that the AIDS virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), may have crossed into humans as a result of contamination of the oral polio vaccine (OPV). This 'OPV/AIDS theory' claims that chimpanzees from the vicinity of Stanleyville--now Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of Congo--were the source of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) that was transmitted to humans when chimpanzee tissues were allegedly used in the preparation of OPV. Here we show that SIVcpz is indeed endemic in wild chimpanzees of this region but that the circulating virus is phylogenetically distinct from all strains of HIV-1, providing direct evidence that these chimpanzees were not the source of the human AIDS pandemic.