高铬白口铸铁抗磨粒磨损耐磨性与断裂韧性的研究

本文研究了两种基体组织状态及碳化物体积分数对高铬白口铸铁抗磨粒磨损耐磨性、断裂韧性K_(IC)、K_(Id)及亚临界裂纹扩展速率da/dN的影响。结果表明:高铬白口铸铁耐磨性与磨损系统有关;而其断裂韧性及亚临界裂纹扩展速率与基体组织状态、碳化物体积分数及其形态与分布有关。综合研究结果,从高铬白口铸铁耐磨性与断裂韧性最优化角度考虑,如果用软磨料,宜选用马氏体基体;采用硬磨料,则宜选用奥氏体基体。     

低铬白口铸铁的冲击磨损耐磨性和断裂韧性

文中通过对不同基体硬度的低铬铸铁冲击磨损耐磨性和断裂韧性的研究,发现低铬铸铁的断裂韧性K_(1c)与基体硬度呈线性关系,基体硬度越高,K_(1c)越小.低铬铸铁冲击磨损形式在冲击能量不同时相异,在冲击能量为2.5J时,磨损以切削形式为主,冲击磨损耐磨性随硬度增加而增加,随断裂韧性增加而降低;冲击能量为4.5J时,磨损以塑变形式为主,冲击磨损耐磨性随硬度增加而降低,随断裂韧性增加而增加.     

铬系白口铸铁的磨损与断裂特性

将铬系白口铸铁的共晶碳化物量保持在20%到25%,改变铬碳比,考察这些材料的磨料磨损性和断裂韧性.发现碳化物是抵抗磨损的重要参量,在碳化物对基体能够提供保护时,基体状态才起显著作用,从而影响材料整体的抗磨性;铬碳比的提高,有利于增加抗磨材料的服役寿命.     

含硼高铬铸铁的组织及性能

在成分为2.7%C-17%Cr-0.7%M_0的高铬铸铁中设计了含硼量变化范围为0.1～1.2%的五种白口铸铁.考察了其铸态及热处理态的组织;进行了石英砂磨料和绿碳化硅磨料的三体磨损试验及湿式橡胶轮磨损试验;测定了材料的硬度、冲击韧性和断裂韧性.试验结果表明:硼促使化合物体积分数增加,并有新的硼碳化物形成;基体组织中铸态己有马氏体析出,具有更好的淬硬性;三体磨损石英砂磨料时随含硼量增加耐磨性显著提高,对碳化硅磨料则相反;在湿式橡胶轮磨损试验中约在0.9%B 处耐磨性出现了最大值;化合物量相近时,含硼与无硼高铬铸铁的韧性相当.     

添加铬合金化和复合变质处理对白口铸铁组织性能的影响

在熔炼过程中通过对熔体进行复合变质处理,制备普通白口铸铁和含铬白口铸铁试样及其在相同铸造条件下的变质试样;对试样进行金相显微组织观察、碳化物定量分析和宏观硬度测量,研究添加铬合金化和复合变质处理对普通白口铸铁碳化物类型、形态、分布和性能的影响。研究结果表明,铸铁铬含量较低时,碳化物类型为(Fe,Cr)3C或(Fe,Cr)3C (Cr,Fe)7C3,呈粗大网状结构;经复合变质处理后,碳化物变得孤立、分散,网状结构被消除;随着铬含量增加,碳化物全部转变为(Cr,Fe)7C3,共晶团中碳化物呈菊花状分布,并在共晶团心部附近出现近似六方形的块状(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物;经复合变质处理后,共晶碳化物变的细小分散、分布均匀,菊花状形态消失,但六方形(Cr,Fe)7C3碳化物仍然存在;白口铸铁经复合变质处理后,其洛氏(HRC)硬度比变质前有明显提高。     

稀土硅铁孕育处理对铬—钼—铜马氏体白口铸铁组织与性能的影响

本文研究了稀土硅铁孕育处理对Cr—Mo—Cu马氏体白口铸铁组织与性能的影响。研究结果表明:采用稀土硅铁进行炉前孕育处理,将会导致含硫量降低与含硅量增高,且使夹杂物数量增多;同时可使其共晶碳化物由连续网状分布转变为断续网状分布,由莱氏体形态转变为板条状,且使晶粒细化,但使索氏体量增多。同时表明:采用稀土硅铁孕育处理,对Cr—Mo—Cu马氏体白口铸铁的抗弯强度极限与硬度影响不大;对挠度稍有增加;但对冲击韧性与抗磨粒磨损耐磨性,如加入适量稀土硅铁孕育则有显著提高,此一适宜量约为1.0％左右,超过此一适宜量将导致冲击韧性与耐磨性的下降。     

抗磨白口铸铁的合金化和变质处理的研究

白口铸铁是一种重要的抵抗磨损的金属材料。其抗磨性决定于硬度,强度和韧性的综合性能指标因而与其组织组成物的结构,显微硬度,相对数量,分布及内聚强度都有密切的关系。铸态组织就是高显微硬度的碳化物孤立地分布在马氏体基体时较为理想,而合金化和变质处理的正确选用是最经济合理地获得理想组织的关键。 从我国资源出发,锰合金化是有前途的但为扬长避短,锰含量不宜过高,而为获得铸态马氏体组织应辅加铜、铬、钼、硼等多种合金元素。硼的加入可以提高锰白口铸铁的淬透性,碳化物的显微硬度和整体硬度。合适的硼加入量既可得到上述效果而又不降低韧性。硼在镍铬白口铸铁中也可以提高碳化物的显微硬度。硼的加入使白口铸铁中碳化物的数量增多。 采用包内变质处理的方法而不用高合金化的方法改变碳化物的分布,经济合理而且简便可行。稀土变质处理能使碳化物成为紧实的板块状而不是成为粗的网状聚合物,使韧性显著提高(α_k=0.8公斤-米/厘米~2)。硼的加入能使碳化物成为方块形。但如何控制工艺参数保证获得应有的变质效应的试验研究工作还需继续。     

马氏体球墨铸铁磨球及其应用

研究了马氏体球墨铸铁磨球的成分、组织、机械性能及磨损特性，结果表明，马氏体基体或马氏体基体上分布１０％～１５％碳化物的球墨铸铁具有较佳的磨料磨损抗力及良好的冲击疲劳抗力。在水泥行业中的装机试验表明，马氏体球墨铸铁磨球。电水泥磨耗量虽稍高于高铬铸铁磨球，但低于低铬铸铁磨球，远低于碳素钢锻球；马氏体球墨铸铁磨球的吨水泥磨球费用均低于其它磨球。     

铬系白口铸铁相间腐蚀机理的探讨

为了探讨铬系白口铸铁在腐蚀介质中的相间腐蚀机理,对试验合金应用定向凝固技术,采用提取相表面富集法制备了碳化物试样;依据电偶腐蚀原理,建立了亚共晶铬系白口铸铁相间腐蚀原电池模型;测定了试验合金组成物偶接前、后的腐蚀速度。试验结果表明：（1）亚共晶铬系白口铸铁相间腐蚀可分为主、次相同腐蚀原电池、主相间腐蚀速度是次相间腐蚀速度的2倍左右;(2) 随铬碳比的增加,试验合金组成组的腐蚀速度均显著下降,但共晶基体的腐蚀速度仍然是初生基体腐蚀速度的2倍左右;（3）碳化物与基体两相间的腐蚀电位差是相间腐蚀的驱动力,在此腐蚀过程中,高电位的碳化物被保护,低电位的基体被加速腐蚀,提高基体的腐蚀电位,不仅可以降低相同腐蚀速度,而且可以大幅度提高铬系白口铸铁的耐蚀性。     

铬系白口铸铁腐蚀磨损特性的研究

本文研究了共晶碳化物数量在20—25％范围内,含铬量由2—24％,铸态及热处理态的铬系白口铸铁在不同介质条件下的腐蚀磨损特性.研究结果表明:在强酸性介质中,腐蚀是导致腐蚀磨损失重量增大的主要因素,含铬量较高的奥氏体有较好的腐蚀磨损抗力,碳化物存在没有任何益处;在弱酸性介质中,腐蚀与磨损共同对腐蚀磨损失重量起作用,提高基体含铬量,保持适当数量碳化物将有效地提高其腐蚀磨损抗力;在中性及碱性介质中,磨损是主要影响因素,提高基体硬度有助于腐蚀磨损抗力的提高.合金元素铜可降低基体腐蚀速度,促进基体钝化,且有利于腐蚀磨损抗力的改善.本文研究结果为杂质泵过流部件的选材提供了依据.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.