Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2固体酸催化剂上乙酸与烯烃的酯化和叔戊烯与甲醇的醚化

以硅胶为载体,制备了负载型的Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40催化剂,将该催化剂用于乙酸与1-丁烯的酯化反应和叔戊烯与甲醇的醚化反应,考察了其活性组分负载量、载体硅胶性质和焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响. 研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应压力、n(1-丁烯)/n(乙酸)、反应时间等反应条件对酯化反应中乙酸转化率的影响. 与其他类型催化剂的醚化活性进行了对比,并进行了Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2催化剂的醚化稳定性实验. 结果表明,以低钠硅胶为载体,在活性组分负载量为40%,焙烧温度为300～400 ℃时制备的Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2催化剂具有较高的催化活性. 随着负载量增大,催化剂孔径、孔容和比表面积减小,而催化活性先增加后减小. 在反应温度120 ℃、压力1.5 Mpa、n(1-丁烯)/n(乙酸)比3.0、催化剂用量4%、反应时间7 h的条件下进行酯化反应,乙酸的转化率为87.36%. 在反应温度80 ℃、压力1.0 Mpa、n(甲醇)/n(叔戊烯)比1.1、LHSV为1 h-1的条件下进行醚化反应,叔戊烯的转化率为68.57%. 制备的新型Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2催化剂对于乙酸与1-丁烯的直接酯化反应和叔戊烯与甲醇的醚化反应具有良好的活性与选择性,催化剂寿命长. 因此,Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/SiO2是一种理想的乙酸与烯烃直接酯化和叔戊烯与甲醇醚化反应的催化剂.     

Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40／SiO2固体酸催化剂上乙酸与烯烃的酯化和叔戊烯与甲醇的醚化

以硅胶为载体，制备了负载型的Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40催化剂，将该催化剂用于乙酸与1—丁烯的酯化反应和叔戊烯与甲酵的醚化反应，考察了其活性组分负载量、载体硅胶性质和焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响．研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应压力、n(1—丁烯)／n(乙酸)、反应时间等反应条件对酯化反应中乙酸转化率的影响．与其他类型催化剂的醚化活性进行了对比，并进行了Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40／SiO2催化剂的醚化稳定性实验．结果表明，以低钠硅胶为载体，在活性组分负载量为40％，焙烧温度为300—400℃时制备的Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40／SiO2催化剂具有较高的催化活性．随着负载量增大，催化剂孔径、孔容和比表面积减小，而催化活性先增加后减小．在反应温度120℃、压力1．5MPa、n(1—丁烯)／n(乙酸)比3．0、催化剂用量4％、反应时间7h的条件下进行酯化反应，乙酸的转化率为87．36％．在反应温度80℃、压力1．0MPa、n(甲酵)／n(叔戊烯)比1．1、LHSV为1h^-1的条件下进行醚化反应，叔戊烯的转化率为68．57％．制备的新型Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40／SiO2催化剂对于乙酸与1—丁烯的直接酯化反应和叔戊烯与甲酵的醚化反应具有良好的活性与选择性，催化剂寿命长．因此，Cs2．5H0．5PWl2O40／SiO2是一种理想的乙酸与烯烃直接酯化和叔戊烯与甲酵醚化反应的催化剂．     

固体杂多酸催化制备芸芥生物柴油

研制出清洁、环境友好的制备生物柴油的方法。以固体杂多酸Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40为非均相催化剂,芸芥植物油为原料,与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考查了反应时间、反应温度、醇油摩尔比、催化剂用量及催化剂的使用次数对芸芥油转化率的影响。探究出制备生物柴油的最佳反应条件。与传统的均相催化剂(H2SO4、NaOH)相比,固体杂多酸Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40表现出相同的催化活性,并易于分离,可重复使用。而且杂多酸的催化活性不受芸芥油中游离脂肪酸和水含量的影响。可在短时间、低温(室温)条件下完成酯化反应。结果表明,耐水型Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40是制备生物柴油的环境友好型固体酸催化剂。芸芥生物柴油的各项指标符合美国生物柴油标准。     

改性杂多酸催化剂的制备及其在甲缩醛合成中的催化活性

以A12O3、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2、ZrO2-SiO2为载体制备了负载型磷钨杂多酸催化剂及CsxH3-xPWl2O40(X=1，l.5，2，2．5，3)磷钨杂多酸铯盐催化剂．考察了这些催化剂在甲酵与甲缩缩合制甲缩醛反应中的催化活性，结果表明：以SiO2、ZrO2、ZrO2-SiO2为载体制备的固载化杂多酸催化剂具有良好的催化活性，而A12O3、TiO2负载的杂多酸催化剂活性很差．杂多酸铯盐Cs2H3-xPWl2O40的催化活性则随Cs^ 离子含量的增加而升高，Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40给出最高的甲缩醛产率；但当H^ 离子完全被Cs^ 离子取代后，催化活性显著下降．     

采用固体磷钨酸铯盐催化光皮树油制备生物柴油

合成3种固体磷钨酸铯盐CsxH3-xPW12O40(x=2.0,2.5,3.0),并采用FT-IR,XRD和BET手段分别对其进行表征.以CsxH3-xPW12O40(x=2.0,2.5,3.0)为固体催化剂,催化光皮树油与甲醇制备生物柴油,考察这3种不同的催化剂在相同的反应温度、反应时间、醇油摩尔比、催化剂质量分数等因素下对生物柴油转化率的影响.研究结果表明:与催化剂Cs2HPW12O40和Cs3PW12O40相比,Cs2.5H0.5Pw12O40具有较强的催化活性,其在反应温度为65℃、反应时间为20 h、醇油摩尔比为9:1、催化剂质量分数为2.8%时光皮树油转化成生物柴油的转化率可达91.0%;高比表面和超强酸性的固体磷钨酸铯盐不受光皮树油中游离脂肪酸和水分的影响,易分离,可重复使用,是制备生物柴油的绿色环保型固体催化剂.     

活性炭负载Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40催化水解醋酸甲酯

采用两步浸渍法制备一系列不同负载量的活性炭负载Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40催化剂,通过X线衍射(XRD)、氮吸附比表面积(BET)、红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:负载量为30%、活化温度573 K时,Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40在活性炭孔道内及表面分散良好,保持了原有的Keggin结构,表现出较高的醋酸甲酯水解反应活性;反应温度328K,反应2h下醋酸甲酯水解率为22.40%,重复使用6次后水解率为14.13%,催化剂活性无明显下降,具有较好的稳定性.     

H_3PW_(12)O_(40)/SiO_2高效催化Mannich反应合成β-氨基酮衍生物

在室温条件下,采用浸渍法合成的H3PW12O40/Si O2为催化剂,高效催化酮、芳香醛和苯胺的Mannich反应合成系列β-氨基酮衍生物.对新型催化剂H3PW12O40/Si O2的制备条件进行优化,系统地研究了H3PW12O40负载量、焙烧温度、活化时间对催化剂的影响.探讨了H3PW12O40/Si O2对酮、芳香醛和苯胺的Mannich反应的催化活性,系统地研究了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应物的摩尔比等因素对产物收率的影响.实验结果表明:在n(酮)∶n(芳香醛)∶n(苯胺)=1.5∶1.2∶1.0,催化剂的用量占反应物料总质量的8%,反应温度为20℃,反应时间为9 h的最佳条件下,β-氨基酮衍生物的收率在61.2%~77.0%之间.整个反应体系具有条件温和、操作简单、不污染环境和催化剂可重复回收利用等优点.     

H2O2敏化H3PW12O40/SiO2光催化降解甲基紫

采用溶胶-凝胶技术将Keggin型H3PW12O40负载在SiO2上,并用H2O2溶液对其进行敏化,制得H3PW12O40/SiO2/H2O2光催化剂.考察在模拟自然光条件下,甲基紫的初始浓度、溶液pH以及催化剂用量对甲基紫可见光催化降解率的影响.实验发现,在甲基紫初始浓度为30mg/L,溶液pH为2.5,催化剂的用量为0.6g/L的优化情况下,光降解2.5h,甲基紫的降解率达到92%.     

二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛

采用浸渍法制备了二氧化钛负载磷钨钼杂多酸催化剂H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2,该催化剂的适宜制备条件为:原料质量比m(TiO2)∶m(H3PW6Mo6O40)=1∶1,水的用量30 mL,浸渍时间12 h,活化温度150℃。以H3PW6Mo6O40/TiO2为催化剂,对以丁醛与乙二醇为原料合成丁醛乙二醇缩醛的反应条件进行了研究,较系统地研究了丁醛与乙二醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间对收率影响。实验结果表明,在n(丁醛)∶n(乙二醇)=1.0∶1.4、催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的0.8%、反应时间1.5 h的条件下,丁醛乙二醇缩醛的收率达51.3%.     

H3PW12O40/ZrO2催化合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮

合成了一种复合催化剂H3PW12O40/ZrO2,以环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮为探针反应,对合成该催化剂的焙烧温度、焙烧时间及负载量进行了探究。将优化条件下制得的H3PW12O40/ZrO2为催化剂,以环己酮和乙二醇为原料合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮。探讨H3PW12O40/ZrO2对缩酮反应的催化活性,较系统地研究了酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验表明:H3PW12O40/ZrO2是合成环己酮乙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂,固定环己酮用量为0.15 mol,在n(环己酮):n(乙二醇)=1:1.6,催化剂用量为0.25 g,带水剂环己烷为12 mL,反应时间90 min的适宜条件下,环己酮乙二醇缩酮的收率可达72.2%。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-