Effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature on tropical equilibrium states: A cloud-resolving modeling study

The effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature （SST） on tropical equilibrium states are investigated based on a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations with imposed zero vertical velocity, constant zonal wind, and a zonal model domain of 768 km. Four experiments with zonal SST perturbations of wavenumbers 1 （C1）, 2 （C2）, 4 （C3）, and 8 （C4） are compared to a control experiment with zonally uniform SST （CO）. The 40-day integrations show that the temperatures reach quasi-equilibrium states with distinct differences. C1 and C2 produce warmer equilibrium states whereas C3 and C4 generate colder equilibrium states than CO does. The heat budgets in the five experiments are analyzed. Compared to CO, less IR cooling over smaller clear-sky regions in C1 and more condensational heating in C2 are responsible for warmer equilibrium states. A reduced condensational heating leads to the cold equilibrium state in C3. The interaction between convective systems in C4 causes a decrease of condensational heating, which accounts for the cold equilibrium state.     

Effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature on tropical equilibrium states: A cloud-resolving modeling study

The effects of zonal perturbations of sea surface temperature (SST) on tropical equilibrium states are investigated based on a series of two-dimensional cloud-resolving simulations with imposed zero vertical velocity, constant zonal wind, and a zonal model domain of 768 km. Four experiments with zonal SST perturbations of wavenumbers 1 (C1), 2 (C2), 4 (C3), and 8 (C4) are compared to a control experiment with zonally uniform SST (C0). The 40-day integrations show that the temperatures reach quasi-equilibrium states with distinct differences. C1 and C2 produce warmer equilibrium states whereas C3 and C4 generate colder equilibrium states than C0 does. The heat budgets in the five experiments are analyzed. Compared to C0, less IR cooling over smaller clear-sky regions in C1 and more condensational heating in C2 are responsible for warmer equilibrium states. A reduced condensational heating leads to the cold equilibrium state in C3. The interaction between convective systems in C4 causes a decrease of condensational heating, which accounts for the cold equilibrium state.     

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall process

Contribution of cloud condensate to surface rainfall processes is investigated in a life span of tropical convection based on hourly data from a two-dimensional cloud resolving simulation. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity, zonal wind and horizontal advections obtained from tropical ocean global atmosphere coupled ocean-atmosphere response experiment (TOGA COARE). The results show that during the genesis, development, and decay of tropical convection, calculations with water vapor overestimate surface rain rate, and cloud condensate plays an important role in correcting overestimation in surface rain rates. The analysis is carried out in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds during the development of tropical convection. The surface rain rates calculated with water vapor in deep convective clouds and anvil clouds have similar magnitudes, the large surface rain rate appears in deep convective clouds due to the consumption of water hydrometeors whereas the small surface rain rate occurs in anvil clouds because of the gain of ice hydrometeors. Further analysis of the grid data shows that the surface rain rates calculated with water vapor and with cloud condensate are negatively correlated with the correlation coefficient of -0.85, and the surface rain rate calculated with cloud condensate is mainly contributed to the water hydrometeors in the tropical deep convective regime.     

A modeling study of relation between cloud amount and SST over western tropical pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE

The relationship between cloud amount and sea surface temperature (SST) over western tropical Pacific cloudy regions during TOGA COARE is investigated based on hourly grid simulation data from a two-dimensional coupled ocean-cloud resolving atmosphere model. The model is forced by the large-scale vertical velocity and zonal wind observed and derived from TOGA COARE for a 50-day period. The cloud amount becomes smaller when the ocean surface gets warmer, which is similar to previous relations obtained from observational analyses. As SST increases, the atmospheric temperature increases whereas the surface sensible heat flux decreases. The atmospheric water vapor is not sensitive to SST whereas the surface evaporation flux decreases as SST increases. These indicate that the oceanic effects do not play an important role in determining atmospheric heat and water vapor budgets. The cold atmosphere produces a larger amount of ice clouds that cover a larger area than the warm atmosphere does. The large amounts of ice clouds lead to cooling of the ocean surface through reflecting large amount of solar radiation back to the space. Thus, the negative correlation between the cloud amount and SST only accounts for the important atmospheric effects on the ocean.     

Heat Transfer in Flue Gas with Vapor Condensation

IntroductionDetermination ofthe total heattransfer coefficientsfor the convection of gases containing acondensable vapor is an increasingly important andinteresting topic,since this kind of heat transferprocess is frequently encountered in the utilizationof waste or low temperature energy.The recoveryof low temperature energy is an importantenvironment issue.With condensable vapor,theconvective heat transfer is greatly increased by thecondensation of the condensable gas (water vapor)in flue ga…     

重庆地区秋季连阴雨气候特征及前兆信号分析

根据1961—2012年重庆地区34个气象观测站的逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集中的高度场格点资料和NOAA的海温逐月资料,分析了重庆地区秋季连阴雨的气候特征、气候背景与前兆信号.结果表明:近52年来重庆地区秋季连阴雨频数呈线性增多趋势.重庆地区秋季连阴雨偏多(偏少)同期环流对应乌拉尔山地区高度场偏低(高),欧亚中高纬度地区盛行经向(纬向)环流,赤道东太平洋区域海温偏低(偏高).前期春季、夏季孟加拉湾地区、我国南海地区500hPa高度场、赤道中东太平洋地区海温,特别是Nio3.4区的海温异常变化是重庆地区秋季连阴雨出现异常偏多(少)值得关注的前兆信号.     

大西洋热盐环流减弱对热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率的影响

利用一个完全耦合的海气模式, 通过对比分析两组试验中海表温度、盐度、风应力等气候态变化特征以及ENSO强度和频率的变化, 研究热带太平洋气候平均态及年际变率对热盐环流减弱的响应。在北大西洋高纬地区注入1 Sv淡水后, 大西洋经向翻转流(AMOC)减弱约90%, 这直接导致向北的经向热量输送减少, 使北大西洋有明显降温, 南大西洋略有升温。这些变化会经过大气和海洋的远程传播以及局地海气反馈作用, 影响热带太平洋气候平均态: 赤道东西太平洋的SST都略有增温, 但纬向温度梯度和纬向风应力并没有太大变化, 赤道太平洋温跃层的深度和倾斜度也基本保持不变。相应地, ENSO强度和频率也没有明显变化。由此得出结论: 热盐环流减弱会引起全球气候平均态的变化, 但对热带太平洋的年际变率没有太大影响。     

京津地区对流性和层状降水回波的特征分析

利用自动分类算法,识别出2005-2007年5-8月京津地区雷达回波中的对流性和层状降水回波.在此基础上,分析了该地区对流性和层状降水回波的垂直廓线和回波面积的日变化特征.结果表明:京津地区层状降水回波的垂直廓线在4 km高度(0℃)附近,出现了明显的"零度层亮带",亮带强度在当地夜间最强,当地上午最弱;该区域内,两种...     

热带气旋“浣熊”引发广东南部沿岸大暴雨分析

应用NCEP 1白1?的再分析资料、常规观测资料及地面加密观测资料分析2008年4月热带气旋“浣熊”引发的广东南部沿海地区大暴雨过程成因,结果表明：此次大暴雨过程是在南亚高压加强并向西北方向移动控制华南沿岸及南海北部,同时“副高”减弱东退的大尺度形势背景下发生的;南亚高压和“副高”之间存在“反向”而行的短期互动,而这种互动对大暴雨过程有重要影响;热带气旋向偏北方向移动过程中与高原东侧东移南下的槽在广东南部沿岸合并是引发大暴雨的重要天气系统;暴雨区上空存在对流不稳定,大陆冷高压东移出海过程大气边界层内回流弱冷空气是大暴雨过程不稳定能量释放的促发机制;大暴雨过程水汽源地是西太平洋和南海,来自西太平洋和南海的水汽在暴雨区上空辐合为大暴雨过程提供了充足水汽;大暴雨降落在热带气旋路径的右侧而不是热带气旋中心的四周,其原因是水汽和风场的辐合均发生在热带气旋路径的右侧,这是由热带气旋自身环流和大尺度环境气流共同决定的。     

Positive feedback of winter ocean-atmosphere interaction in Northwest Pacific

Associated with East Asia Trough in the upper layer in winter, the Aleutian Low is the predominant atmos- pheric activity center in North Pacific. Previous re- searches on interannual or decadal variability of Aleu- tian Low[1―4] found that the Aleutian …     

Indian Ocean temperature dipole and SSTA in the equatorial Pacific Ocean

The observed sea surface temperature (SST) data of recent 100 years are analyzed and the existence of the Indian Ocean temperature dipole in the equatorial region is exposed further. It is very clear that the amplitude of the positive phase (higher SST in the west and lower SST in the east than normal) is larger than that of the negative phase (higher SST in the east and lower SST in the west). The dipole is stronger in September-November and weaker in January-April than in other months and it also appears obviously inter-annual and inter-decadal variations. Although the Indian Ocean dipole in the individual year seems to be independent of ENSO in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, in general, the Indian Ocean dipole has obviously negative correlation with the Pacific Ocean dipole (similar to the inverse phase of ENSO mode). The atmospheric zonal (Walker) circulation over the equator is fundamental to relate the two dipoles to each other.     

加热过程对热带气旋生成的数值试验

用Pielke等的中尺度两维原始方程数值模式研究海气相互作用和其它非绝热加热过程对热带气旋生成的作用。进行了7种数值试验,即:(1)只考虑无云情况下的辐射加热作用;(2)考虑辐射加热和不均匀的云量效应;(3)只考虑海气交界面上的潜热和感热通量;(4)大尺度凝结、对流调整、辐射和洋面上潜热感热输送;(5)积云对流凝结加热和云天辐射;(6)积云对流凝结加热和洋面上的潜热感热通量;和(7)积云对流凝结加热、洋面上的潜热、感热通量和云天辐射等全部加热过程。 结果表明:积云对流凝结加热对热带气旋的生成起最重要的作用,大尺度凝结加热和对流调整趋于使低压填塞,而洋面上的潜热、感热通量也起不可缺少的作用。     

中尺度冷涡切变暴雨多普勒雷达特征分析

利用天气形势场、物理量场、新一代雷达产品资料对2008年7月17日下午到夜里,豫北、鲁西、冀南地区出现的区域性暴雨天气进行多尺度诊断分析.分析结果显示:较弱的冷性低涡切变本身并不能造成强降水天气,当低涡东移遇副热带高压西北边缘较强暖湿气流时得到加强,在低涡东侧副热带高压边缘切变上产生暴雨天气.冷涡暴雨低层有明显的东北气流冷垫,加强了其动力上升运动,水汽输送依赖于对流层中层的西南气流,中层水汽辐合非常明显.在新一代雷达产品图上显示:较稳定的大范围中等强度回波能产生较强降水.中低层风场为暖平流加辐合,有利于暴雨的形成,中低层较大的垂直风场切变给对流云的形成提供动能,有利于暴雨的产生.     

江西北部2次大暴雨过程对比分析

利用Micaps常规资料和fnl资料,对2013年5月江西北部2次大暴雨天气过程("5.07"和"5.14")的大尺度环流形势、低空急流、水汽输送、垂直运动和中尺度系统,以及多普勒天气雷达拼图回波特征等要素,采用对比方法进行分析,结果表明:1)2次大暴雨过程欧亚中高纬环流形势均为两脊一槽型,但降水性质、环境条件和中尺度特征有所差异;2)"5.07"大暴雨低空急流具有脉动性,而"5.14"大暴雨中低空急流一直维持;3)"5.14"大暴雨过程的水汽和动力条件都比"5.07"大暴雨过程强;4)"5.07"大暴雨过程以带状回波为主,范围狭长局地性较强;"5.14"大暴雨过程以絮状回波为主,范围宽广持续时间长较为均匀。     

“2010.12.11”云南冬季暴雨成因分析

 应用常规观测资料、FY-2C卫星云图和NCEP再分析资料,通过诊断分析研究了2010年12月11日发生在滇中及以南地区的云南暴雨天气过程.结果发现,这次冬季暴雨天气过程发生在有利的环流背景下,ITCZ位置偏北较活跃,孟湾存在大片对流云系,中印度洋10°N附近存在一支异常的大尺度西南气流,孟加拉湾低层有一个热带气旋生成,在卫星云图上表现出明显的气旋式云系,孟湾热带气旋和90°E附近的南支槽及槽前西南低空急流东移造成了这次暴雨天气过程;引发暴雨的水汽和能量由低空急流从孟加拉湾输送而来,充沛的水汽在云南上空强烈辐合,暴雨区θ_se呈陡立状,暴雨发生在低层辐合高层辐散的上升运动区,水汽通量散度辐合区和湿Q矢量辐合区与暴雨区对应较好.     

下垫面含水状态与降雨产流关系研究

通过仿雨试验,研究了土壤剖面平均含水量对降雨产流特征的影响.结果表明:(1)土壤剖面含水状态对降水在下垫面产生积水形成径流时间有显著影响,下垫面积水时刻与土壤剖面平均含水量的饱和度、降雨强度呈乘幂的函数关系.(2)在相同土壤剖面含水状态条件下,相同降雨时段内,径流系数γ与降雨强度i呈线性关系,径流系数γ随着降雨强度i的增大而增大;当土壤剖面平均含水量的饱和度ω≤0.70时,径流系数与时间的函数关系为高次多项式;当土壤剖面平均含水量的饱和度ω>0.70时,径流系数与时间的函数关系为自然对数.     

O3和海温对七月中、低纬环流的影响

在原球圈范围的Ｐ－σ坐标模式中加入了Ｏ３和海洋混合层的影响，对７月中、低纬流场进行了数值模拟试验．第１种方案中包含了Ｏ３，第２种方案既包含了Ｏ３又引入了海洋混合层．将这两种方案与原方案（不包含Ｏ３和海洋混合层）流场的模拟结果作对比分析发现１、２方案模拟结果比原方案更接近实况，特别是第２种方案模拟效果更加理想．表明Ｏ３和海洋混合层对大气环境的影响是重要的，它不仅直接影响到海洋，对陆地也有重要影响．其影响不只是局限于大气的低层，对高层也是显著的     

相似廓线法在星载雷达陆面衰减订正中的应用

针对星载雷达陆面衰减订正存在的困难, 提出相似廓线订正方法。利用洋面雷达测得的雷达等效反射率因子廓线(简称降水廓线) Z_m和经表面参考技术(SRT)订正后的降水廓线Z_e建立相似廓线库, 通过匹配雷达在洋面和陆面测得的降水廓线, 对陆面降水廓线的地表路径积分总衰减(PIAs)进行估值。借助2018年GPMCO 2A-Ku数据产品中洋面降水资料进行检验, 结果表明相似廓线法与SRT技术的订正结果具有较好的一致性, 对于容许相对偏差40%的相似廓线库, 匹配成功的降水廓线中, 两种方法的PIAs相对偏差小于40%的廓线比例依次为对流云降水 88.8%, 无亮带层状云降水98.9%, 含亮带层状云降水98.9%, 显示该方法有效。借助2014—2018年GPM-CO 2A-Ku数据产品中陆面降水资料进行对比, 结果表明相似廓线法的陆面应用效果与洋面差异较大, 与陆面SRT技术应用效果差的结论相一致。     

长江中下游一次暖区极端致洪暴雨特征及天气学成因分析

基于多源观测资料和再分析资料,采用天气学诊断分析方法研究了2019年5月长江中下游地区发生的一次致洪暴雨的特征及主要成因。结果表明:该次极端致洪暴雨过程是在稳定的“西低东高”天气形势下,由持续时间长的短时强降水累积而成,具有明显的中尺度和阶段性特征。直接造成极端暴雨的中尺度对流系统在低空急流前沿不断新生东移,表现出明显的“列车效应”和准静止特点。过程中低空急流和超低空急流异常强盛,为极端暴雨提供了持续有利的水汽和对流不稳定条件,特别是整层高湿、较低的抬升凝结高度和较大暖云层厚度有利于提高降水效率,产生雨强较大的短时强降水；高低空急流耦合是强降水发生发展的重要动力机制,强垂直风切变区与暴雨落区有较好的对应。     

一次天津地区暴雨过程的中小尺度分析

用NCEP再分析资料、雷达资料以及地面自动站每小时资料对2005年6月28-29日发生在天津地区的局地暴雨天气进行诊断分析,研究结果表明:高低空急流耦合是暴雨发生发展的有利背景,由天津市西南方向移来的中尺度系统与市区地面中尺度辐合线共同作用是产生这次局地暴雨天气的直接触发机制。天津市区的局地条件在这次局地降水的过程中起到了相当重要的作用。