Extraterrestrial amino acids in Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark

Since the discovery nearly a decade ago that Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary layers are greatly enriched in iridium, a rare element in the Earth's crust, there has been intense controversy on the relationship between this Ir anomaly and the massive extinction of organisms ranging from dinosaurs to marine plankton that characterizes the K/T boundary. Convincing evidence suggests that both the Ir spike and the extinction event were caused by the collision of a large bolide (greater than 10 km in diameter) with the Earth. Alternative explanations claim that extensive, violent volcanism can account for the Ir, and that other independent causes were responsible for the mass extinctions. We surmise that the collision of a massive extraterrestrial object with the Earth may have produced a unique organic chemical signature because certain meteorites, and probably comets, contain organic compounds which are either rare or non-existent on the Earth. In contrast, no organic compounds would be expected to be associated with volcanic processes. Here we find that K/T boundary sediments at Stevns Klint, Denmark, contain both alpha-amino-isobutyric acid [AIB,(CH3)2CNH2COOH] and racemic isovaline [ISOVAL, CH3CH2(CH3)CNH2COOH], two amino acids that are exceedingly rare on the Earth but which are major amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites. An extraterrestrial source is the most reasonable explanation for the presence of these amino acids.     

Meteoric smoke fallout over the Holocene epoch revealed by iridium and platinum in Greenland ice

An iridium anomaly at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary layer has been attributed to an extraterrestrial body that struck the Earth some 65 million years ago. It has been suggested that, during this event, the carrier of iridium was probably a micrometre-sized silicate-enclosed aggregate or the nanophase material of the vaporized impactor. But the fate of platinum-group elements (such as iridium) that regularly enter the atmosphere via ablating meteoroids remains largely unknown. Here we report a record of iridium and platinum fluxes on a climatic-cycle timescale, back to 128,000 years ago, from a Greenland ice core. We find that unexpectedly constant fallout of extraterrestrial matter to Greenland occurred during the Holocene, whereas a greatly enhanced input of terrestrial iridium and platinum masked the cosmic flux in the dust-laden atmosphere of the last glacial age. We suggest that nanometre-sized meteoric smoke particles, formed from the recondensation of ablated meteoroids in the atmosphere at altitudes >70 kilometres, are transported into the winter polar vortices by the mesospheric meridional circulation and are preferentially deposited in the polar ice caps. This implies an average global fallout of 14 +/- 5 kilotons per year of meteoric smoke during the Holocene.     

下寒武统黑色页岩金属富集机理与小行星撞击

扬子地台寒武系下统存在富含V、Ni、Mo和铂族元素(platinum group element, PGE)等的黑色页岩,局部地区有U或者Ba、Hg、As等的富集,研究这些元素富集机理有利于寻找相关矿产或者探究地质事件。6 500万年前的小行星撞击地球产生了高PGE含量的地层或者化石,依据这一事实和陨石的特征及其他地质地球化学证据,推断下寒武统黑色页岩中Ni-Mo-PGE富集是陨石撞击结果,PGE中的Ir、Os富集最明显是因为二者最抗淋滤。U在康滇地轴东侧黑色页岩中最高可达480×10^-6,因康滇地轴本身就存在混合型铀矿,推测黑色页岩中U来自它的风化。据V和Ba-Hg-As等的地化特性,认为V富集是受生物活动影响,但因V易于在热泉水中富集,故寒武纪早期泛非运动的构造-热事件可导致V富集成矿,Ba、Hg、As也因该事件产生构造裂隙后,它们优先随热液沿裂隙上升富集,并在海底局部成矿。此外,5.65亿年前的埃迪卡拉动物群发生地基本上就是5.8亿年前小行星撞击地点,提出此次行星撞击可能与埃迪卡拉生物群出现存在因果关系。由于在中国存在寒武纪澄江生物群大爆发事件,推测该次生物...     

Origin, evolution and extinction of Cathaysia flora

Recent research results showed that the Cathaysia flora originated and developed from the global uniformLepidodendropsis flora of the Early Carboniferous, which had already become an independent flora in the early Late Carboniferous (Namurian B to C). The center of origin of the Cathaysia flora is restricted to the North China Plate. On the basis of the successional characteristics of the Cathaysia flora in different geological ages, it may be divided into seven evolutionary stages. The evolutionary trend of the Cathaysia flora, as a whole, was characterized by the gradual increase of the typical Cathaysian elements in the sequence from the early Late Carboniferous to the early Late Permian, which began to decline during the late Late Permian. The climatic differentiation, tectonic movement, oceanic circulation, palaeogeographical environment, extraterrestrial event and plant evolution caused the mass extinction of the Cathaysia flora on a large scale by the end of the Permian.     

η'衰变到γπ~+π~-的蒙特卡罗产生子研究

在高能物理实验数据分析中,事例选择效率是排除探测器和数据分析因素,从而获得物理测量量的必要输入参量.蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟是获得事例选择效率的唯一方法.结合实验数据与现有的理论模型,研究考虑了盒子反常效应的η'衰变到γπ+π-蒙特卡罗产生子的方法,获得的结果能够较好地与实验数据符合.     

Patterns of platinum-group elements in mantle peridotite, granulite xenoliths and basalt in Hannuoba

Neutron activation analysis after preconcentration of nickel sulfide fire assay was used in measurement of Ru, Ph, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt (i.e. PGE elements) and Au concentrations for basalt, mantle and granulite xenoliths in Hannuoba. The chondrite- and primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns generally exhibit flat (for Iherzolite), negative slope (for harzburgite), and positive slope (for basic granulite and basalt). In addition, strong Ir negative anomaly occurs in basalt and granulite xenolith, and little negative anomaly also exists in Iherzolite xenolith in Hannuoba.     

Re-Os isotopes and PGE geochemistry of black shales and intercalated Ni-Mo polymetallic sulfide bed from the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, South China

The paleo oceanenvironmentalchangeduringthePrecambrian Cambriantransitionisakeyissuere latedtothecausesforanexplosiveradiationofdiffer entmetazoanphyladuringtheEarlyCambrianera .Thechemicalandisotopiccompositionsofmarinesed iments (carbonates ,phosphorites ,siliceousrocks ,andblackshales)recordthechangingcompositionandphysicalconditionsoftheseawaterinwhichtheserocksaccumulated .Organiccarbon richblackshalesfrommarineenvironmentsarecommonlyenrichedinanumberoftraceelementssuchasNi,Mo ,V ,Co ,…     

Inscribed matter as an energy-efficient means of communication with an extraterrestrial civilization

It is well known that electromagnetic radiation-radio waves-can in principle be used to communicate over interstellar distances. By contrast, sending physical artefacts has seemed extravagantly wasteful of energy, and imagining human travel between the stars even more so. The key consideration in earlier work, however, was the perceived need for haste. If extraterrestrial civilizations existed within a few tens of light years, radio could be used for two-way communication on timescales comparable to human lifetimes (or at least the longevities of human institutions). Here we show that if haste is unimportant, sending messages inscribed on some material can be strikingly more energy efficient than communicating by electromagnetic waves. Because messages require protection from cosmic radiation and small messages could be difficult to find among the material clutter near a recipient, 'inscribed matter' is most effective for long archival messages (as opposed to potentially short "we exist" announcements). The results suggest that our initial contact with extraterrestrial civilizations may be more likely to occur through physical artefacts-essentially messages in a bottle-than via electromagnetic communication.     

应用古生物钟探索地外撞击事件

通过对比地球自转速率变化的理论曲线与由古生物钟得到的实际曲线,发现实际曲线上存在的两个转折点正好与地质历史时期中的两次生物大绝灭事件基本一致,结合对事件层上下地层沉积相突变的研究,得出的结论是：由古生物钟得到的地球自转速率变化曲线中的两个转折点是由小行星撞击事件造成的。     

面向不稳定日志的一致性异常检测方法

系统日志被用作系统异常检测的主要数据源.现有的日志异常检测方法主要利用从历史日志中提取的日志事件数据构建检测模型，即假设日志数据随时间的推移其分布规律具有稳定性.然而，在实践中，日志数据往往包含以前未出现过的事件或序列.这种不稳定性有两种来源：1）日志发生了概念漂移；2）日志处理过程中引入了噪声.为缓解日志中出现的不稳定问题，设计了基于置信度协同多种算法的异常检测模型EBCAD（Ensemble-Based Conformal Anomaly Detection）.首先，用统计量p值度量日志之间的不一致性，选择多个合适的集成算法作为不一致性度量函数计算不一致性得分进行协同检测；然后，设计了基于置信度的更新机制来缓解日志不稳定问题，将新日志的不一致性得分添加到已有得分集，更新日志异常检测的经验；最后，根据协同检测得到的置信度与预设置信水平大小来判断不稳定日志是否异常.实验结果表明，在HDFS日志数据集中，当不稳定数据注入率从5%增加到20%时，EBCAD模型的F1值仅从0.996降低到0.985；在BGL_100K日志数据集中，当不稳定数据注入率从5%增加到20%时，EBCAD的F1值仅从0.71降低到0.613.证明EBCAD在不稳定日志中可以有效检测到异常.     

Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden cold event around 8,200 years ago

The extent of climate variability during the current interglacial period, the Holocene, is still debated. Temperature records derived from central Greenland ice cores show one significant temperature anomaly between 8,200 and 8,100 years ago, which is often attributed to a meltwater outflow into the North Atlantic Ocean and a slowdown of North Atlantic Deep Water formation--this anomaly provides an opportunity to study such processes with relevance to present-day freshening of the North Atlantic. Anomalies in climate proxy records from locations around the globe are often correlated with this sharp event in Greenland. But the anomalies in many of these records span 400 to 600 years, start from about 8,600 years ago and form part of a repeating pattern within the Holocene. More sudden climate changes around 8,200 years ago appear superimposed on this longer-term cooling. The compounded nature of the signals implies that far-field climate anomalies around 8,200 years ago cannot be used in a straightforward manner to assess the impact of a slowdown of North Atlantic Deep Water formation, and the geographical extent of the rapid cooling event 8,200 years ago remains to be determined.     

入侵检测规则动态生成研究

在入侵检测研究领域中,提高检测模型的检测率并降低误报率是一个重要的研究课题.本文提出了一种针对网络入侵检测事务流的实时动态规则生成方法.该方法解决了当前主流关联规则生成算法应用到入侵检测过程中存在的多遍扫描、大量无效规则和频繁集产生等问题.实验结果表明,文中所提出的方法在规则动态生成和对网络异常情况的检测方面都显示出比较好的性能,相对Snort入侵检测系统,平均提高10%左右的检测精度,克服了Snort系统在异常检测方面的局部缺陷.     

基于LSTM深度学习的ENSO预测及其春季预报障碍研究

利用长短期记忆网络(LSTM)深度学习算法构建一个热带太平洋Nino3.4指数预测模型, 并分析模型的季节预报误差。结果表明, LSTM模型能够较好地预测厄尔尼诺事件的变化趋势, 但针对不同类型的厄尔尼诺事件有不同的表现。对于1997/1998和 2015/2016强东部型厄尔尼诺事件, 该模型能较准确地预测事件的趋势和峰值, 距平相关系数(ACC)达到0.93以上。但是, 对于 1991/1992和2002/2003弱中部型厄尔尼诺事件, 在峰值预测方面表现不好。在厄尔尼诺增长期,预报误差的季节增长率最大值皆处于4—6月,存在明显的春季预报障碍(SPB)现象。在衰减期,同类型事件的季节增长率最大值分布相似:弱中部型厄尔尼诺事件的最大值皆处于春季,存在明显的SPB现象;强东部型厄尔尼诺事件的最大值分散在其他季度,不存在SPB现象。个体事件间存在一定的差异,可能与事件的特征(如事件类型和强度)有关。     

SOM 方法在中国东部夏季降水分型中的应用

使用自组织映射(SOM)和经验正交函数(EOF)两种方法, 对比分析中国东部地区夏季日平均和季节平均的降水分型。结果表明, SOM比EOF能够更真实地描述降水分布。SOM得到的夏季降水分型的空间结构能够很好地用850 hPa的风扰动和700 hPa的比湿扰动解释。作为事后问题, 850 hPa的高度扰动负值中心能够很好地解释对应的降水落区; 但作为预报问题, 强降水不仅由数值模式预报中的负值高度扰动决定, 还受制于水汽和温度扰动等因素。     

Weinberg角反常现象的理论解释

标准模型在过去20年中经历了大量的实验检验，已被人们所接受。Weinberg角（或称弱角）是标准模型中一个极其重要的物理量，它的精确值对于检验标准模型有着至关重要的作用。2002年，NuTeV实验组报道了他们测量到的Weinberg角的值与在其它电弱过程中测量到的该角的值不同。这一反常现象引起了人们极大的关注，无论能否在标淮模型的解释这种现象，对粒子物理都将是一个推进。为了解释这种反常现象，本文在标准模型的框架下，推导了核子海中奇异-反奇异夸克分布不对称对Paschos-Wolfenstein关系的修正，并计算了光推介子-重子波动模型和手征夸克模型下，奇异-反奇异夸克分布的不对称性，考查了这种不对称性对Weinberg角测量值的影响。结果表明，核子海中奇异-反奇异夸克分布的不对称性所引起的修正，能够在很大程度上降低NuTeV测量到的Weinberg角的值与标准模型预言值之间的差异，可以作为NuTeV反常现象的一种合理的解释。     

南极-艾肯盆地Th异常的富集特征和机理

遥感探测表明月表Th元素分布存在全球不均衡性,形成分别以雨海-风暴洋和南极-艾肯（SPA）盆地为中心的Th异常区.研究认为雨海-风暴洋的Th主要来源于对其下覆KREEP物质的开掘,但对SPA盆地的Th来源有各种不同的认识.本文通过对SPA盆地的地形、盆地构造、撞击坑分布、火山作用和地球化学特征的分析,以及对Th富集机理的探讨,认为SPA盆地内Th更可能来源于撞击作用对富Th下月壳物质的开掘;Th的弧形富集特征与盆地构造有很大相关性,并可能受到Apollo盆地形成的影响.     

An emergency scenario reconstruction system based on ESMM event situation model

In order to keep decision-makers better informed with emergencies, it is useful to retrieve the user-oriented disaster relevant event information in an aggregated results list through meta- search engine. However, emergent event is dynamic which makes it difficult to use fixed search word or word combinations. This paper proposes an event situation monitoring model (ESMM) event detection model, which realizes heuristic query word vector dynamic expanding by adopting emergency fuzzy scenario reasoning ontology cluster. Disaster event facet information automatic searching is discussed as an example in this paper. The experimental results show that the proposed method can increase accuracy and extra clues not supplied by commercial search engines, which can be used as a supplement information source for government and individuals.     

Records of the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake from Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea

Sea-level variation can be induced by periodic tides, stochastic wind, air pressure, and swell. Larger sea-level variation has the potential to cause coastal disasters. In this paper, real-time continuous data obtained by the Xiaoqushan seafloor observatory in the East China Sea were analyzed employing frequency power spectral and tidal harmonic methods to extract the major components and periodicities of sea-level change. The sea-level anomaly (sla) was calculated by subtracting the tidal components from the observed sea level data. In the study period, the correlation between sla and the local north-south wind speed was high with a correlation coefficient of 0.65 at the 95% confidence level. The local wind-induced sea-level anomaly (sla wind ) was therefore computed through linear fitting. Although sla wind is one of the main components of sla, the residual sea-level anomaly (sla residual ) obtained by subtracting sla wind from sla is not zero, suggesting that there are other factors besides wind. Detailed analysis of the sea-level data at the time of the 8.8-magnitude Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010 showed a peak sla residual value of 0.48 m at around 15:00 on February 28, which was highly coincident with the tsunami arrival time forecast by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. The peak sla residual event is therefore linked with the tsunami induced by the 2010 Chilean earthquake. This is the first time that a tsunami has been detected using real-time continuous data recorded by a seafloor observatory in the sea off China. Such observations are expected to improve tsunami forecast models and promote the development of a tsunami warning system and a seafloor observatory network in the East China Sea.     

阿拉新气田东部汤池构造油气微生物评价应用研究

油气微生物勘探法(MPOG)是地表勘探法的一个分支,主要研究近地表土壤层中微生物异常与地下深部油气藏的相关关系。在阿拉新气田东部汤池构造区,以微生物异常为基础,对微生物异常区域进行了分析研究,初步评价了该井区内的油气资源潜力。结果表明:工区内微生物异常分布非均匀,但有五处相对较大的微生物异常区,且连片性较好,表明油气潜力较大;异常区由南向北呈由弱变强的趋势;且工区内基本为油异常,气异常几乎为背景值状态,结合区域地质资料给出了勘探建议。并部署了了五口评价建议井。     

Role of atmospheric heat source/sink over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in quasi-4-year oscillation of atmosphere-land-ocean interaction

Using 1961—1995 monthly atmospheric apparent heat source/sink <Q₁> over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (QXP) and reanalysis data of NCEP/NCAR, and 1961—1994 monthly SST of UK/GISST2, the statistical study is undertaken on the QXP heat source/sink in relation to both atmospheric circulation in Asia and El Niño/La Niña events. It is discovered that there exists noticeable interaction in a quasi-4-year period among the <Q₁> of the QXP, low-level meridional winds east of the QXP, low-level zonal winds in the equatorial Pacific, SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific, and the circulation at mid and high latitudes north of the QXP. They have difference in phase. The cold source intensity of the QXP in winter favours a low-level meridional wind anomaly to prevail in the mainland of China and its coast east of the QXP and to last until the subsequent autumn. The wind anomaly can induce a low-level zonal wind anomaly of the tropic Pacific that finally affects an El Niño/La Niña event in the autumn and subsequent winter. The event in autumn/winter has effect on the deep trough position and cold air track of East Asia in next winter that influences the intensity of the QXP winter cold source.