炭负载Co-Mo催化剂的二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫性能研究

利用X射线衍射及程序升温还原技术，对等体积浸渍法制备的Co-Mo/AC催化剂进行了表征。采用高压微反装置、以二苯并噻吩为模型化合物，在一定的温度和空速下对催化剂进行了加氢脱硫活性评价。X射线衍射表征结果表明，柱状活性炭具有良好的担载催化剂活性组分的能力，活性组分在载体表面能很好地分散，因而只检测到部分活性组分很弱的衍射峰。在120℃和260℃条件下处理的催化剂表面物种主要是MoO3，没有发现含Co的物种和CoMoO复合氧化物的衍射峰；500℃焙烧处理的催化剂的表面物种主要是MoO2。程序升温还原表征结果表明，Co-Mo／AC催化剂表面物种的还原温度低于Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3催化剂。加氢脱硫活性评价结果表明，催化剂的还原特性和加氢脱硫活性有一定的对应关系。在Co-Mo/AC体系中，Co与Mo原子比为0．7的催化剂的加氢脱硫活性高于γ-Al2O3负载的Co-Mo催化剂；而Co与Mo原子比为0.2，0．35和0．5的Co-Mo／AC催化剂的加氢脱硫活性却低于Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3催化剂。     

混合法制备Co-Mo/MgO-Al2O3变换催化剂的XRD和TPR表征

用混合煅烧法制备的Co Mo/MgO Al2O3一氧化碳变换催化剂,在2.0MPa及多种汽气比条件下与同类型催化剂进行活性评价比较,达到德国催化剂K8 11的活性水平.对催化剂及参比样MoO3/Al2O3、MoO3/MgO Al2O3和MgO Al2O3等进行XRD或TPR表征,结果显示Co Mo/MgO Al2O3催化剂存在MoO3、CoMoO4、MgMoO4和MgAl2O4等物种,单纯的Mo在MgO Al2O3载体上分散度比在γ Al2O3载体上低,MoO3的结晶度较高,其还原温度提高;添加Co后,MoO3的分散度得到提高.在Co Mo/MgO Al2O3催化剂的TPR谱中出现属于MoO3(624℃)和CoMoO4(805℃)的两个还原峰,该催化剂对CO变换活性的提高与CoMoO4相的生成密切相关.     

Co-Mo/Al_2O_3-MgO耐硫变换催化剂的表征研究

采用常压微反、程序升温还原(TPR)、程序升温硫化(TPS)及原位红外(IR)技术,对Co-Mo/Al2O3-MgO催化剂表征研究发现:Co-Mo/Al2O3-MgO催化剂中活性组分Co、Mo,既存在着Co、Mo中心,也存在由Co、Mo相互作用产生的中心,其催化性能是由Co、Mo中心和Co、Mo相互作用产生的中心共同作用的结果,与Co-Mo/Al2O3催化剂是不同的,其中的MgO加强了活性组分Co、Mo的稳定性,进一步促进了Co、Mo的相互作用。     

碳纳米管负载Mo-Co-S加氢脱氮催化剂研究

用多壁碳纳米管(简写为CNTs)作载体制备负载型Mo Co S催化剂,x%MoiCoj/CNTs(x%为质量百分数),以乙腈和吡咯的加氢脱氮(HDN)作为探针反应,考察它们在该类催化剂上加氢脱氮的反应化学行为,并与γ Al2O3 和活性炭(AC)分别负载参比样作比较研究.实验发现,在583 K,0.1 MPa,CH3CN/H2 =2.3/97.7(mol/mol),GHSV=2 200 mL(STP)·h-1·(g catal.)-1的反应条件下,在7.2%Mo3Co1/CNTs催化剂上,所观测乙腈 HDN的比反应速率达到 0.51μmol CH3CN·s-1·(mmol Mo)-1,是γ Al2O3 和AC分别负载相同Mo3Co1 载量催化剂的1.46和1.76倍,相应各自最佳Mo3Co1 载量催化剂的1.89和2.55倍.相似的反应化学行为在吡咯 HDN反应中也观测到.对比研究表明,用 CNTs代替γ Al2O3 或AC作为催化剂载体并不导致所负载Mo3Co1 催化剂上乙腈或吡咯HDN反应的表观活化能发生明显变化.H2 TPR研究揭示,与γ Al2O3 或AC负载的体系相比,CNTs负载催化剂具有较高的可还原性:不仅表现在其还原所需温度较低,还表现在较高的还原“比耗氢量”,后者暗示有较多的高价 Mon+ 物种可被还原至具催化活性的较低价态(Mo4+);在另一方面,CNTs载体对H2 优异的吸附活化性能可期在工作态催化剂表面营造较高氢稳态浓度的表面氛围;这两方面的因素都有助于乙腈或吡咯加氢脱氮反     

Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂的制备及加氢脱硫脱氮活性

采用程序升温还原法制备Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂。运用XRD和IR技术对催化剂和载体进行表征。考察Ni-Mo-P/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂对噻吩加氢脱硫、吡啶加氢脱氮的催化性能。结果表明,在Al2O3表面引入少量ZrO2,可以减弱P和Al2O3的强相互作用,抑制AlPO4的生成。添加适量的助剂Mo,催化剂噻吩加氢脱硫、吡啶加氢活性均有不同程度的提高。     

不同载体和前驱体对钴基催化剂浆相费托合成性能的影响

以SiO2和γ Al2O3为载体,以硝酸钴、醋酸钴和氯化钴为前驱体,利用浸渍法制备出钴基细粒子催化剂。用X射线衍射、程序升温还原、比表面测试等技术考察了钴基催化剂的结构和还原性能,分析了不同载体和前驱体对浆相费托反应性能的影响。结果表明,SiO2载体上钴物种的分散度和还原度均高于γ Al2O3载体,因而Co/γ Al2O3催化剂的活性最差,CO转化率远低于Co/SiO2催化剂。不同钴前驱体所制备的Co/SiO2催化剂钴物种的分散度和还原度有很大的差别,其相应的Co/SiO2催化剂的浆相费托活性顺序由大到小依次为:Co(NO3)2,Co(NO3)2+Co(CH3CO2)2,Co(CH3CO2)2,CoCl2。     

碳纳米管负载Mo-Co-S基HDS/H DN催化剂的制备及其表征研究

用自行制备的多壁碳纳米管(简写为CNTs)作为载体制备负载型Mo-Co-S催化剂,记为:m%MoiCoj/CNTs(m%为质量百分数),用噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)和吡咯加氢脱氮(HDN)作为探针反应,XRD、XPS和H2-TPD作为表征手段,考察Co/Mo摩尔比、MoiCoj负载量及Co和Mo的浸渍顺序对所制备催化剂的结构和催化性能的影响.研究结果表明,对于本文自行制备CNTs负载的Mo-Co-S催化剂,最佳的Co/Mo摩尔比为1:3,最适宜的Mo3Co1负载量为～7.2%(质量百分数),Co和Mo的浸溃顺序以"先浸渍Co、经干燥焙烧后浸渍Mo"为佳.与AC负载的参比体系相比,CNTs负载催化剂较易于被还原,工作态催化剂表面具有催化活性的Mo物种(Mo4 )在总负载Mo量中所占份额较高;在另一方面,在HDS/HDN反应条件下,作为载体的CNTs的表面存在着数量更加可观的吸附氢物种,这些活泼氢物种通过"溢流"容易传输至Mo-Co-S催化活性位,于是有助于提高表面加氢反应的速率.以上两方面因素对CNTs负载Mo-Co-S催化剂上高的HDS/HDN反应活性都有重要贡献.     

Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3甲烷化催化剂研究(Ⅱ)制备条件及还原条件对催化剂结构的影响

用程序升温还原 ( TPR)、程序升温脱附 ( TPD)、X射线粉末衍射 ( XRD)及透射电子显微镜 ( TEM)等法对分步浸渍法制备的一系列 Mo-Ni/ γ-Al2 O3甲烷化催化剂的结构进行了表征 .考察了浸渍液的 p H值、焙烧温度及还原温度对催化剂的表面结构的影响 .结果表明∶先浸 Mo时 ,调 ( NH4 ) 6Mo7O2 4 溶液的 p H=3、浸 Mo后 50 0℃焙烧的催化剂易于还原 ,而且能抑制后浸 Ni时 ,难还原铝酸盐的形成 ;浸 Ni时 ,调 Ni( NO3) 2 溶液的 p H=8,浸后 4 30℃焙烧的催化剂易于还原 ;浸 Mo后 ,650℃焙烧易形成难还原的 Al2 ( Mo O4 ) 3,浸 Ni后 530℃焙烧的催化剂易形成难还原的 Ni Al2 O4 与类 Ni Al2 O4 铝酸盐 .催化剂于 50 0℃还原时 ,还原态的 Ni最多 ,4 50℃还原时有利于 Mo-Ni合金的形成     

烟气直接还原脱硫催化剂研究

实验考察了Cr2O3、MoO3、WO3三种单组分氧化物催化剂，以及四种不同催化载体对SO2直接催化还原的影响，结果表明它们的活性相差很大，WO3的活性最差，MoO3的活性最高；具有酸碱双功能的γ-Al2O3载体是催化脱硫的最佳载体．此外，制备了三种双组分金属氧化物负载催化剂，其催化脱硫活性顺序是：Mo—Co／γ-Al2O3＞Mo—Fe／γ-Al2O3＞Mo—No／γ-Al2O3；Mo—Co双组分催化比单组分MoO3具有优越性，在250—400℃范围内，SO2脱除率达90％以上，不仅催化脱硫活性比较高，而且催化剂不易失活．     

镍负载量对自热转化催化剂Ni/γ-Al2O3性能的影响

利用常压固定床微反色谱联用装置、X 射线衍射 (XRD)以及程序升温还原等分析手段 ,考察了镍负载量对自热转化催化剂Ni/γ Al2 O3 的活性和还原性能的影响。实验结果表明 ,对于 10 0 0℃下焙烧的模型催化剂Ni/γ Al2 O3,用XRD检测均未发现NiO(2 0 0 )特征峰 ;而当镍含量达到 8.1%时 ,XRD可检测到以尖晶石形式存在的镍。模型催化剂中NiAl2 O4 的还原性能低于NiO。催化剂中镍的负载量在一定范围内增加 ,可使起始还原温度下降 ,催化剂转化活性升高。分析结果表明 ,镍负载量为 7.7%的催化剂还原温度低 ,转化活性很好 ,能有效地抑制催化剂的积炭 ,具有最佳的综合性能     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.