潜堤对海啸波作用下岸滩剖面变化影响试验

基于波浪水槽试验,对潜堤能否有效减少海啸岸滩冲刷问题开展研究。选取孤立波作为入射波,考虑不同潜堤位置和堤顶水深情况,同时选取没有修建潜堤时海啸岸滩变化试验结果进行对比分析。实验对波高、流速、地形变化以及孤立波的上爬、回落等全过程进行测量和记录。研究结果表明,潜堤的修建并不能有效减少海啸对岸滩的冲刷,仅能改变淤积沙坝的高度和位置,且会造成潜堤离岸侧局部略有淤积,向岸侧会出现明显的局部冲刷坑。潜堤位于水跃发生区域时,对减小岸滩淤积沙坝高度效果最为明显。保持堤顶水深不变,减小潜堤的离岸距离,对减少最大局部冲刷深度效果更为明显。     

波浪作用下沙质海滩沉积物运动特征

基于二维波浪水槽实验,采用沙质斜坡概化海滩,分别选用规则波和椭圆余弦波进行实验,测量波浪作用前后的海滩剖面形态及断面沉积物粒径组成,探讨波浪作用下沙质海滩沉积物运动特征,包括剖面形态演化特征及其床沙分选规律.结果表明:沙质海滩剖面形态时空演化特征受波浪类型、波高、周期等因素影响,呈现出沙坝形态和滩肩形态,发现波浪Irribarren参数可以作为沙质海滩剖面演化形态的判别参数.在本实验条件下,Irribarren参数大,海滩剖面呈现滩肩形态;Irribarren参数小,海滩剖面则呈现沙坝形态.海滩床面沉积物在波浪作用下产生了明显的分选现象,波浪破碎产生的强烈紊动造成床面沉积物的起动、并为小颗粒的运动提供动力.水体紊动导致水流挟沙力降低,大颗粒泥沙在紊动较强区域产生沉积,部分被水流挟带发生向岸推移;小颗粒泥沙则随水流运动,在紊动较弱的区域分散沉积.     

细砾质斜坡海床上波浪的传播特性试验

为了解波浪在渗透性良好的斜坡海床上的传播演变机制,在水槽中开展细砾质斜坡海床上波浪传播特性试验,研究海床土体孔隙水压力响应特征、波浪在斜坡海床上发生浅水变形区域内波浪近底水平流速特性以及波浪在可渗透斜坡海床上的传播演变特性。试验结果表明:海床中超静孔隙水压力随着波浪波高和周期的增大而增大;近底水平流速随着波浪浅水变形程度的增加而增加;波浪厄塞尔数越大,斜坡上波浪浅水变形越明显,各谐波之间的波-波相互作用越剧烈;在浅水变形初段,海床渗透作用大于波浪浅水变形作用,在浅水变形剧烈区域,波浪浅水变形作用大于海床渗透作用。     

珊瑚礁地形上胸墙波浪力大水槽试验

基于大比尺波浪水槽试验,开展了珊瑚礁地形上的波浪与斜坡堤相互作用试验。在不同水深和波浪条件下测量斜坡堤胸墙的水平力和浮托力,并与规范值进行对比。试验结果表明:胸墙的波浪力受波浪破碎后的堤前壅水、破碎波高和水流冲击的共同影响;胸墙水平力呈矩形分布,浮托力呈三角形分布;由于波浪在珊瑚岛礁上传播过程中的能量耗散,平均水平力和前趾浮托力试验结果均小于采用深水波要素计算的规范值,所提出的基于胸墙距礁缘的相对距离和礁盘上相对水深的波浪力修正系数,修正后的公式计算结果与试验值吻合较好。     

高渗透性海床对波浪衰减作用的数值分析

为研究高渗透性海床对波浪衰减的影响规律,建立了波浪与粗颗粒高渗透性海床相互作用的同步耦合数学模型.波浪域采用雷诺时均方程和k-ε紊流模型,采用PLIC-VOF法追踪波浪自由表面,采用非线性Forchheimer方程描述高渗透性海床内孔隙流场,计算分析海床参数对波高沿程衰减的影响.结果表明:随着海床厚度、粒径、孔隙率、固有渗透率的增大,沿程波高衰减加快;但当海床厚度达到1.8倍水深后,对沿程波高衰减基本没有影响;孔隙率增大到0.65后,沿程波高衰减幅度反而减小.     

三维水下黏质斜坡海床变形冲蚀特征试验研究

以舟山某海域的某三维斜坡海床为原型,开展一系列大型波浪港池试验,探究波浪作用下三维黏质斜坡海床的孔压响应、变形及冲蚀破坏特征。研究结果表明：当波高较小时,黏质斜坡海床内部的超孔压累积不明显,多表现为振荡孔压;当波高逐渐增大时,黏质斜坡发生由坡顶到坡脚的浅层破坏,在靠近坡脚处出现明显的黏土碎屑状堆积,海床内超孔压表现为先累积后消散,其变化规律与海床冲蚀失稳特征密切相关。     

贝宁海滩上波浪传播演变特性研究

为分析贝宁海滩上波浪传播演变特性，基于开源波浪数值计算软件COBRAS建立了贝宁典型海滩剖面数值模型，模型中采用k-epsilon紊流模型求解雷诺应力，采用流体体积法捕捉自由液面，并采用斜坡上波浪破碎试验结果对数值模型进行了验证。基于该模型对常浪条件和极端波浪条件下海滩上波浪传播规律的模拟结果表明：常浪条件下波浪主要在沙坝附近发生破碎，极端波浪条件下波浪在沙坝外侧200 m处开始发生破碎；破碎区域内水质点速度较大，常浪条件下沙坝周围的流速可达7.5 m/s,极端波浪条件下破波带内水质点速度可达12.4 m/s,且波浪回流与入射波浪在沙坝周围相互作用会形成较强的涡旋；随着波浪非线性的增强，波浪爬高也逐渐增大，在极端波浪条件下，沙丘上会发生越浪。     

波浪作用下堤前沙质海床冲淤形态

通过水槽试验,研究了不规则破碎波作用下不同水深、不同波谱、不同粒径和不同海床坡度情况下堤前沙质海床的冲淤形态,按照波作用和泥沙粒径的相对关系,将其分为5种类型:堤前冲刷Ⅰ型、堤前冲刷Ⅱ型、堤前冲刷Ⅲ型、堤前淤积Ⅰ型和堤前淤积Ⅱ型,并分析了各种冲淤形态的形成过程.总结和比较了不同波浪作用引起的堤前海床冲淤形态之间的异同,从入射波组成的角度,揭示了不规则破碎波作用下堤前海床冲淤形态与立波及规则破碎波作用下冲淤形态的关系.     

破碎波作用下砂质海床孔隙水压力响应试验

通过波浪水槽试验,研究规则波在1：30斜坡砂质海床上破碎时海床超静孔隙水压力响应规律,观察波浪破碎处的地形变化,并分析其形成原因.试验结果表明,在波浪破碎前后超静孔隙水压力有着明显的不同变化,破碎点处距底床表面最近的超静孔隙水压力值在整个过程中达到最大,且破碎带处超静孔隙水压力竖向衰减幅度均比破碎前、后要大,破碎点的超静孔隙水压力有明显增大;破碎前后超静孔隙水压变化与浪高变化呈正相关趋势,且破碎后两者的相关性没破碎前好;波浪破碎处地形变化剧烈,超静孔隙水压力在沙床顶部的变化较底部变化明显.砂层掏刷时,超静孔隙水压振幅变大;砂层堆积时,超静孔隙水压振幅变小.     

射阳海岸带修复工程效果数值模拟研究

近年来受黄河三角洲区域侵蚀影响，射阳海岸带湿地面积急剧减小，急需开展生态整治修复工程.应用河口海岸潮流泥沙数值模拟系统，计算分析项目建设前后海洋水文动力和泥沙冲淤环境改变，并通过物模试验进一步验证海床冲淤情况.模型计算结果表明项目建设后，潜堤两侧流速及堤后波高也出现不同程度的减小，有利于形成堤内侧床面增积的状态，潜堤内床面增加的年淤积厚度约0.02～0.45 m，工程岸段逐渐向冲淤平衡或微冲微淤状态发展.堤后波能降低，阻挡了波浪对海堤的侵蚀，近岸冲刷幅度均有降低.物模试验结果表明方案实施后南侧、北侧堤后平均冲刷深度分别减小为0.03、0.02 m.根据研究结果可知该工程能发挥对内部潮滩的保护作用.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.