干旱区典型流域天然草地生态脆弱性评价研究

塔里木河流域是干旱区生态环境变化的敏感地区,其中塔河下游地区为严重脆弱地区,是典型的生态脆弱带和环境危机带.塔河下游地区广大的天然草地主要分布在绿洲-荒漠过渡带.依据有关生态脆弱带评价方法,结合塔河下游天然草地分布的实际状况,建立生态脆弱性评价体系.对垂直于塔河河道不同距离上的草地生态环境进行了分析,得出:(1)地下水位水质与河道距离具有一定的相关关系;(2)距离河道350 m是深根植物和浅根植物的分界线;(3)距离河道500 m以上地带的草地生态环境表现为中度生态脆弱,＜350 m的草地生态环境表现为一般脆弱等.     

塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长与水文的响应

借助树木水文学的方法,文章以对塔里木河下游主要建群植物胡杨年轮的生长量变化进行深入分析。结果显示：（1）塔里木河下游生态输水后,胡杨样枝年轮生长量变化明显,说明输水对胡杨生长量的影响是显著的和积极的;并表现出明显的时空动态变化规律;（3）胡杨样枝的中部和底部年轮径向生长量之间的相关性显著,主枝顶部和侧枝顶部以及主枝中部和侧枝中部之间的相关性显著;（4）随着输水时间的延续,样枝胡杨主枝和侧枝径向生长量呈上升趋势;而且胡杨样枝不同部位径向生长量年际变化规律呈上升趋势,这充分说明塔里木河下游实施的生态输水工程对胡杨生长量的影响是显著的和积极的。     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分传输观测试验研究

荒漠河岸林是长期适应干旱区内陆河流域环境的产物,具有独特的水分利用和生存策略.对黑河下游胡杨、柽柳等主要荒漠河岸林植物液流、水势、木质部导水率、根系水分再分配以及植物水分来源等的测试分析表明,在降水稀少、蒸发强烈的黑河下游,胡杨、柽柳主要利用的是深层土壤水和地下水,其中成熟胡杨主要吸收地下175~325cm处土壤水和地下水供其蒸腾和生存所需;胡杨根系水力提升过程主要发生在10~70cm土层,蒸散导致的土壤耗水量中有10%来自根系提升的水量;植物根和枝条木质部的初始导水率(K_(s0))和最大导水率(K_(s,max))相对较高,其中柽柳木质部的潜在导水能力比胡杨强;胡杨、柽柳液流速度呈单峰型,在午后达到峰值,黎明前水势无显著变化,反映未受到严重水分胁迫;黑河下游河道附近的地下水埋深大多在4m以内,基本可以满足荒漠河岸林植物的生长发育,黑河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统处于稳定和发展状态.     

Historical evolution and the effects of ecological management in Tarim Basin,China

The Tarim Basin, in northwestern China, is the largest continental basin in the world, and hosts desert landscapes as well as extensive oasis agriculture. Many horticultural products come from this basin. However, since the 1950s, frequent river flow interruptions have occurred in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Thus, the natural ecology of the basin has undergone significant changes because of recent human economic and social activities. In particular, water resource development and utilization along with climate changes have had a significant impact on the area. To prevent further deterioration of the environment, the Central Government implemented a water conveyance project in 2000. Based on this project, Chinese scientists, together with those from overseas, have conducted extensive research on the historical evolution of the area, and the physiological and ecological responses of the natural vegetation around the Tarim Desert Highway. Progress has been made in the areas of environmental protection and ecological conservation.     

试论塔里木河流域水资源管理机构体系的改革与完善

塔里木河流域水资源统一管理问题,一直是新疆水资源管理的重点.随着流域内人口的增长、经济社会的发展以及对水资源开发利用程度的不断提高,塔里木河流域生态环境恶化问题成为各界关注的焦点,而不合理的水资源管理机构体系是其主要成因.为此,本文在深入分析塔河流域水资源管理机构体系现状及主要问题的基础上,结合水权市场建立和发展的需要,提出了改革与完善现行水资源管理机构体系的基本原则与具体措施.     

Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

塔里木河流域生态环境演变概念模型

塔里木河流域绿洲－荒漠交错带是生态环境变化的敏感区域,也是我国生物多样性保护及全球变化研究的关键区域之一。受自然因素及人为因素的影响,水资源的时空分布发生了明显变化,导致了河湖水质咸化、土壤盐渍化、草场退化以及土地沙漠化的普遍发生。同时,风沙灾害、洪水灾害和干旱等自然灾害严重地影响着流域社会经济的全面发展。以此为基础,构建塔里木河流域生态环境演变概念模型,并在ＧＩＳ等技术支持下,探索塔里木河流域生     

基于水文要素变化特征的浑河干流生态需水量计算

将浑河干流划分为4个区域进行生态需水量计算.根据浑河干流特点,将其生态需水分为河流基本生态需水、河流稀释自净需水、输沙需水和蒸发需水.根据浑河水文要素变化特征确定各类生态需水量的计算方法,并对各类生态需水进行类型整合.计算结果表明:北口前站全年的生态需水量为0.55×108 m3,抚顺站为9.59×108 m3,沈阳站为6.93×108 m3,邢家窝棚站为10.55×108 m3,并给出了逐月变化,以利于浑河干流水资源优化配置.结合浑河干流水文要素变化特征,对其生态需水量特征进行了分析,并提出相应建议.     

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas:A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

The river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River are dominated by the traditional green corridors along the river section from the Qara Reservoir in Yuli County to the Taitema Lake in Ruoqiang County, which plays an important role in the social and economic development in the Tarim River Watershed with a extremely significant ecological functions. The buffer zones perpendicular to the watercourse were defined along both riversides at a 5-km interval beginning from the watercourse (10 km wider) using the method of the buffer zone analysis. The landscape pattern indexes of each buffer zone were calculated, and the indexes of the main landscape patterns were analyzed so as to reveal the radiative effect and the characteristics of the river corridors on landscape and patch levels. The results show that the radiative width is generally 30 km in the study area, and can be up to 50-70 km in sub- region FG1 because the study area is located in two drainage basins, with an ecological interstitial zone between them. The landscapes of woodlands and wetlands are generally distributed within the 10 km buffer zone (it means that the buffer zone is 5 km away from the watercourse; the same hereafter) along both riversides. Moreover, the closer the buffer zone is to the watercourse, the higher the patch density and the largest patch index are. In the ecological and environmental regeneration for the study area, the extent of ecological effect of the river corridors must be fully considered, and the projects must be scientifically and rationally planned and designed.     

新疆准噶尔盆地南缘不同生境下的梭梭和柽柳生理生态特性

以在新疆准噶尔盆地南缘自然荒漠区、自然人工交错带、人工种植区等3种不同生境类型下的梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bge)和柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Ldb)为研究对象,测定植物叶片的丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性,研究不同生境下梭梭和柽柳的生理生态特性,为准噶尔盆地南缘植被的恢复与重建提供理论依据。结果表明,自然荒漠区和人工种植区的柽柳和梭梭丙二醛含量较多,保护酶活性较高。而自然人工交错带上的植株相对于上述2种样地,丙二醛含量和保护酶活性都较低。结合野外调查和数据分析表明梭梭比柽柳具有更强的耐旱性。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对当地经济影响实证研究

文章采用随机抽样问卷调查、入户访问和统计资料相结合方法,塔里木河对下游输水后农牧民经济收入和当地经济变化进行研究。调查结果表明：90％以上的被调查者赞同生态输水带来了明显的经济利益,至少76％的农户家庭收入在输水后得到不同程度的增加,农牧民家庭收入增加更显著。随着输水后放牧数量增加193％,平均家庭收入相应增加了近2倍,人均收入提高了181％;96％的居民认为地方经济发展与生态输水有关。输水后两团场农林牧渔业生产年平均产值提高了141％,实际播种面积也增加18％。问卷调查的民意结果充分说明生态输水在改善生态环境的同时,给当地农牧民带来了可观的经济收入,并在一定程度上促进了当地经济的发展,突现出塔里木河下游生态输水的社会经济效益。     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Science Bulletin - Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the...     

3S技术在新疆塔里木河下游生态环境动态研究中的应用

塔里木河下游多年来水量不断减少,造成了该地区地下水位普遍下降,导致了植被衰败,风沙频繁,土地沙漠化普遍发生。在３Ｓ技术支持下,通过１９５９年、１９８３年１９９９２年及１９９６年航空及航天遥感信息的对比分析发现,下游地区生态环境的变化与自然及人为因素密切相关,并已影响到了流域可持续发展战略的实施。     

基于改进RVA法的水利工程对塔里木河生态水文情势影响评估

采用水文变异指标及变化范围法(IHA/RVA)定量评估塔里木河上游水库运行后,干流代表站的水文指标改变程度及其生态影响。研究结果表明:水库运行导致塔里木河干流水文情势发生高度改变,改变度高达60%以上;指标体系中3月和6月平均流量,最小1 d和3 d流量、最大30 d和90 d流量,年发生低流量次数及逆转次数等指标发生严重变异。水库运行对塔里木河周边生态系统影响较大,迫切需要对河流的流量进行适时调控,实现区域经济和生态环境保护的协调发展。     

玛纳斯河流域生态与环境需水研究初探

在总结国内外关于生态和环境需水研究的基础上,本文界定了玛纳斯河流域生态与环境需水的内涵.结合国内外生态与环境需水量的计算方法和玛纳斯河流域的实际情况,初步探讨了玛纳斯河流域生态和环境需水的研究思路、计算内容和方法,从而为定量评价玛纳斯河流域水资源的合理配置提供理论基础.     

基于多种水文学方法的赣江下游生态流量估算

气候变化和人类活动改变了天然径流的时空分配过程,水文情势的改变成为水生态系统退化的主要原因之一。开展生态流量研究,可为赣江流域水资源的优化配置、可持续开发利用和水生态系统的恢复提供科学依据。运用RVA(range of variability approach)、90%保证率下月最小日平均流量法、最枯月平均流量多年平均值法、NGPRP法、Texas法、多年日流量排频法(90%)6种水文学方法对赣江流域60多年的逐日流量资料进行研究,分析了赣江流域的生态流量过程,利用Tennant法对比分析,最终选择结合汛期RVA和非汛期多年日流量排频法(90%)下的适宜生态流量为赣江下游各月的适宜生态流量值。其中4—6月为赣江的主汛期,所需生态流量值最大,分别为1 520、1 988、1 924 m~3/s。与外洲站实测流量对比发现,赣江下游枯水期河道生态流量难以得到保障,不达标比例高于13%,尤其以1月和11月最为严重。     

Natural diet and food habitat use of the Tarim red deer,Cervus elaphus yarkandensis

In order to determine the natural diet and food habitat use of Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis), a study was carried out in Qiemo, Xinjiang , China from October 2000 to June 2001. Direct observation combined with faecal analysis method was used to determine the natural diet of red deer. 15 different species of plant were identified as food items. Among them, 13 species of plants were identified in winter diet and 9 species in summer. Red deer consumed a wider range of species in winter because of their nutrient requirement as well as the shortage of food and the scarcity of high-quality forage in the study area. Phragmites communis, Glycyrrhiza inflata and populus diversifo-lia were frequently present in the deer's diet whenever in winter and summer. Among them, Phragmites communis was the most abundant plant in the area and was included in the deer's diet. Observation on food selection frequency of captive Tarim red deer showed that Populus diversifolia was the first preferred species. However, this food was limited in the study area. Five food habitat types were found in the study area according to plant association: (1) Phragmites communis-Tamarix ramosissima association, (2) Tamarix ramosissima-Halostachys cas-pica association, (3) Tamarix ramosissima-Phragmites communis association, (4) Populus diversifolia-Phragmites communis association, (5) Burned area. Among them, Phragmites communis-Tamarix ramosissima association (reed meadow and reed marsh) was preferred to other types within the study area whenever in summer and winter. Dense reed cover could reduce the chance of detection from predator and obstruct attack from predator. Furthermore, under the cover of the reed, Tarim red deer was protected from direct solar radiation during the hours of hot day in summer. The reed meadow and marsh was preferred, presumably because the red deer could minimize their movements while searching for food, water and cover.     

塔里木河流域下游绿洲演变对生态输水的响应

参考前人对绿洲的定义和分类方法,对塔里木河下游人工绿洲、天然绿洲进行提取,分析生态输水前后人工绿洲和天然绿洲的面积变化特征、转化过程、重心迁移情况以及扩张与退缩的空间变化。结果表明:1990—2015年,塔里木河下游绿洲总面积先下降、后上升,人工绿洲不断扩张,10 a平均增长量为46.78 km~2,天然绿洲面积不断缩减,在2000年后有所上升。生态输水前(1990—2000年),塔里木河下游来水量减少,导致大面积草地退化,天然绿洲面积减少;生态输水后(2000—2015年),部分未利用土地得到了利用,变成河渠、水库、湖泊、灌木林和高覆盖度草地,塔里木河下游生态有所恢复。下游绿洲重心先往西北,再往南方,最后又往东南方向迁移。绿洲主要向西北和东南方向扩张,1990—2000年的扩张区域主要集中于英苏上游区域;2000—2010年期间,台特玛湖地区绿洲面积增加明显;绿洲缩减区域分布广而零星。     

天然水中氮素形态对菹草富集和降解DBP作用的影响

菹草是典型的沉水植物,在水体污染修复与生态重建中起重要作用．从海河干流和2个小型景观湖泊采集了4个氮素含量、氮素形态组成不同的水样,利用组培菹草研究了氮素形态对菹草富集和降解邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）作用的影响．结果表明：海河水中NO-3-N为氮的主要形态（59．4％～59．6％）,湖泊水中NH4~-N为主要形态（47．7％～6712％）;随着水中N03-N含量的增加,菹草对DBP的降解速率常数（0．8×10-2～11．7×10-2d-1）随之增大,植物富集系数（0．94～7．43L／kg）也相应增大．进一步研究了菹草对水中不同形态氮素的吸收作用及生理指标（叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和硝酸还原酶活性）变化发现,菹草主要吸收利用水中的N03-N,菹草的生理指标也主要受N03-N含量的影响;N03-N含量增加,菹草的生理活性增大．这说明N03-N含量较高的水中菹草的活性较高,菹草对DBP的富集和降解作用增强．     

飞云江干流生态流量分析

由于人类活动对自然环境的影响日渐增加,天然水文情势也随之改变。本研究在飞云江流域首次采用多种水文水力学方法对生态流量进行综合分析,对维持当地水生态健康具有重要意义。本文根据飞云江65年实测径流资料及实测大断面成果选取湿周法、年内展布法、7Q10法、最枯月平均流量多年平均值法、Texas法和水生物基流法6种方法分别计算飞云江干流的生态流量过程,采用Tennant法对多种方法的计算结果进行分析评价,最终综合选择湿周法、最枯月平均法、7Q10法的生态流量计算结果作为飞云江干流各月的生态流量值,其中4~9月为飞云江汛期,8、9月所需生态流量值最大,分别为38.74、36.56m3/s。通过与实测多年月平均流量比较,发现飞云江2月和8月易出现生态流量不满足的情况,不达标比例为18.46%和16.92%。本研究明确了飞云江流域的适宜生态流量过程,为流域水资源优化配置及河道生境改善提供科学依据;同时,综合采用水力学及水文学两类方法为提高生态流量计算结果的可靠性提供了新思路。