分光光度法检测不同地区和类型稻种功能性成分的初步研究

 为研究不同地区和类型水稻品种糙米中γ-氨基丁酸和总黄酮等功能性成分,本实验采用分光光度法准确测定了中国、日本、韩国、国际稻作所和云南品种及云南野生稻γ-氨基丁酸和总黄酮的含量.结果表明:① 用分光光度法测定水稻籽粒中γ-氨基丁酸和总黄酮含量的方法是可靠的;② 不同地区和类型水稻品种功能成分含量存在差异;③ 相关分析表明,氨基丁酸与总黄酮的相关系数较高(r=0.575^**),在育种上可以实现多个相关性状间的遗传改良;④ 鉴定出墨江黄皮饵块谷、明恢86、墨江饵块谷、疣粒野生稻等18份高GABA和高总黄酮的水稻品种,可作为选育高黄酮和γ-氨基丁酸品种的亲本或直接作为功能稻开发利用.首次报道疣粒野生稻总黄酮质量分数达0.751%,在所有水稻品种中黄酮含量最高.     

Genetic diversity and construction of core collection in Chinese wheat genetic resources

Genetic diversity among 5029 accessions representing a proposed Chinese wheat core collection was analyzed using 78 pairs of fluorescent microsatellite （SSR） primers mapped to 21 chromosomes. A stepwise hierarchical sampling strategy with priority based on 4×10^5 SSR data-points was used to construct a core collection from the 23090 initial collections. The core collection consisted of 1160 accessions, including 762 landraces, 348 modern varieties and 50 introduced varieties. The core accounts for 23.1% of the 5029 candidate core accessions and 5% of the 23090 initial collections, but retains 94.9% of alleles from the candidate collections and captures 91.5% of the genetic variation in the initial collections. These data indicate that it is possible to maintain genetic diversity in a core collection while retaining fewer accessions than the accepted standard, i.e., 10% of the initial collections captured more than 70% of their genetic diversity. Estimated genetic representation of the core constructed by preferred sampling （91.5%） is much higher than that by random sampling （79.8%）. Both mean genetic richness and genetic diversity indices of the landraces were higher than those of the modern varieties in the core. Structure and principal coordinate analysis revealed that the landraces and the modern varieties were two relatively independent subpopulaUons. Strong genetic differentiation associated with ecological environments has occurred in the landraces, but was relatively weak in the modern culUvars. In addition, a mini-core collection was constructed, which consisted of 231 accessions with an estimated 70% representation of the genetic variation from the initial collections. The mini-core has been distributed to various research and breeding institutes for detailed phenotyping and breeding of genetic introgression lines.     

Development of gene-tagged molecular markers for starch synthesis-related genes in rice

Improving grain quality is an important goal in breeding new elite rice varieties, requiring effective tools for the identification of target genotypes. Molecular marker-aided selection (MAS), combined with conventional breeding approaches, enables us to precisely identify the individual genotypes that are associated with different grain quality features, which can dramatically improve the breeding efficiency. However, to date, the number of molecular markers used in MAS for grain quality improvement is still somewhat limited. In this study, based on our previous study that rice grain quality is strongly associated with starch synthesis in the endosperm, we developed 51 gene-tagged molecular markers according to sequence variations in 18 starch synthesis-related genes from 16 typical rice cultivars. These markers can discriminate the different alleles among rice germplasms. These novel markers will provide effective tools in improving grain quality via the breeding new elite rice varieties.     

Review and prospect of transgenic rice research

Rice is one of the most important crops as the staple food for more than half of the world＇s population. Rice improvement has achieved remarkable success in the past half-century, with the yield doubled in most parts of the world and even tripled in certain regions, which has contributed greatly to food security globally. Rapid population growth and economic development pose a constantly increased food requirement. However, rice yield has been hovering in the past decade, which is mainly caused by the absence of novel breeding technologies, reduction of genetic diversity of rice cultivars, and serious yield loss due to increasingly severe occurrences of insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses. To address these challenges, Chinese scientists proposed a novel rice breeding goal of developing Green Super Rice to improve rice varieties and realize the sustainable development of agriculture, by focusing on the following 5 classes of traits： insect and disease resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use effi- ciency, quality and yield potential. As a modern breeding approach, transgenic strategy will play an important role in realizing the goal of Green Super Rice. Presently, many transgenic studies of rice have been conducted, and most of target traits are consistent with the goal of Green Super Rice. In this paper, we firstly review technical advances of rice transformation, and then outline the main progress in transgenic rice research with respect to the most important traits： insect and disease-resistance, drought-tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, quality, yield potential and herbicide-tolerance. The prospects of developing transgenic rice are also discussed.     

Genetic diversity of rice cultivars （Oryza sativa L.） in China and the temporal trends in recent fifty years

Public concern is often expressed at cultivars because the domestication and modern plant breeding have led to a reduction in the genetic diversity of crops and loss of genes, which could result in crops' genetic vulnerability to changes in the spectrum of pestssity of varieties in this zone is very important to the whole rice production in China. REZV, a important japonica rice production areas with more than 278 thousands ha rice which was about 71% of rice area in north China, accounted fo…     

福建省区试籼型杂交稻稻米品质的分析与评价

按照农业行业标准NY/T593-2002,对2003-2005年福建水稻品种区域试验的282份籼型杂交稻新品种的11项稻米品质指标进行了分析和评价.结果表明:3年3种稻作类型杂交稻稻米的糙米率、精米率、粒长、碱消值、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量的差异较小,而整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和透明度的差异较大,相应性状的变异系数表现趋势较为一致.以5项评价指标的优质达标率综合评定的优质达标率仅为2.78%～16.12%,尤以早籼杂交稻表现最差.中籼和晚籼杂交稻优质达标率年度间提高较快,2005年比2003年分别提高了34.33%和15.57%.根据福建省稻米品质现状,我省稻米品质改良应以降低垩白粒率和垩白度,提高整精米率,兼顾其它品质指标为主要目标.     

水稻遗传多样性及其农艺性状与SSR标记的关联分析

分析水稻材料的遗传多样性,寻找与农艺性状相关联的分子标记,为水稻杂交组合的配置及分子标记辅助育种提供依据.利用60对分布于水稻12条染色体组的SSR标记对190份水稻材料进行遗传多样性分析与群体遗传结构分析,并采用Tassel3.0的GLM和MLM进行标记与农艺性状的关联分析.结果显示,190份水稻材料的遗传相似系数(GS)变异范围为0.62～0.97,平均值为0.86.按群体遗传结构可将供试材料分为3个亚群.以GLM分析,发现8个与穗长、一次枝梗数、一次枝梗穗粒数、二次枝梗数、二次枝梗穗粒数、总穗粒数和饱满穗粒数相关联的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率为0.0648;以MLM分析显示,8个标记对表型变异的解释率在0.0378～0.0648.本研究获得的这8个农艺性状相关的分子标记可以作为辅助育种培育高产水稻品种的分子标记.     

利用分子标记辅助选育香软型保持系“SH101B”、不育系“SH101A”及配组分析

为了给三系杂交稻新品种选育提供优良亲本,以"嘉花1号"水稻为转育亲本,与香型软米水稻杂交,再与"嘉花1号"水稻多代回交及自交,结合分子标记辅助选育香软型水稻新品系"SH101B"."嘉花1号"与"SH101B"水稻主要农艺性状和产量性状差异都不显著(p0.05)."SH101B"稻米直链淀粉含量(质量分数)为10.0%,明显低于"嘉花1号"水稻(15.2%).又将"SH101B"与三系不育系水稻杂交和回交,转育获得香软型三系不育系"SH101A",再与籼型恢复系"T201"进行配组,并对后代农艺性状、产量和稻米品质进行分析.结果显示,"SH101A×T201"组合稻米直链淀粉含量为12.8%,每亩产量达到848.1 kg(12 726.4 kg·hm~(-2)).     

禾本科植物抑制三峡库区水华优势蓝藻的探讨

抑藻化感物质主要为植物次生代谢物质,通常在自然条件下可以分解,难以在生态系统中积累,生态安全性好,在防控水华方面具有良好的应用前景.文章探讨了三峡水库消落带禾本科植物牛鞭草对水华鱼腥藻的化感抑制作用,提出了具体的研究方案,为下一步具体研究化感抑藻技术有效防控三峡库区水华提供参考.     

DTOPSIS法评价四川省2002年水稻区试优质米新组合

运用DTOPSIS法（ Dynamic Technique for Oder Preference by Similarity fo Ioleal Solution） 对四川省2002年水稻区试优米D组的14个新组合进行了综合分析和评价。结果表明：该方法对综合分析水稻新品种较合理。对水稻选育与推广有积极的指导意义。宜香优725是一个综合性状较好的新品种,值得大力推广。     

籼-粳稻特异插入／缺失分子标记揭示的稻属植物遗传分化

籼-粳分化在亚洲栽培稻(Oryza sativa L.)的驯化过程中非常重要,但其分化机制仍不清楚.有的学者认为水稻籼-粳分化是亚洲栽培稻在驯化过程中适应不同生境的结果,也有人认为籼-粳分化在水稻的野生祖先种中就已经存在.为了研究普通野生稻的籼-粳分化,并解析稻属(Oryza)植物的籼-粳遗传变异,利用34对籼-粳特异插入/缺失分子标记(InDel)引物,研究了50份典型籼稻(O.sativa L.subsp.Indica Kato)和粳稻(O.sativa L.subsp.japonica Kato)样本以及来源于35个国家的348份稻属其他种材料.结果表明,亚洲栽培稻存在明显的籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体(O.rufipogon complex)中存在"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型,而稻属的其他种均未出现籼-粳分化,普通野生稻复合体中"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型的地理分布格局与籼稻和粳稻的地理分布格局相吻合.考虑到大部分普通野生稻复合体的样本取自邻近有栽培稻种植的普通野生稻群体,推测得出部分普通野生稻样本中表现出的"偏籼"和"偏粳"类型可能是栽培稻的籼稻品种和粳稻品种在普通野生稻的长期协同进化过程中基因交流的结果.     

河北省水稻育种目标及发展策略

通过对河北省水稻育种历史的回顾和面临形势的分析,结合育种实践,明确了育种目标,提出了资源引进创新、采用聚合杂交、利用逆境进行定向选择,培育抗条纹叶枯病品种,同时注重粳型杂交稻选育,加强育种科技储备的育种策略。     

水稻镉耐性研究进展

镉（Cd）是重要的土壤污染物且极易被水稻吸收,对水稻造成毒害.开展水稻耐Cd性研究已成为当前水稻育种的重要课题.文章综述了Cd对水稻生长发育、农艺性状、生理生化特性的影响,以及水稻耐镉性的生理生化机制、遗传机理和分子生物学研究进展,并对进一步开展水稻镉耐性研究提出一些建议.     

利用CRISPR /Cas9技术快速创制香型“秀水134”水稻

以目前上海市主栽的高产常规水稻"秀水134"为材料,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功敲除甜菜碱醛脱氢酶2基因,获得了两种类型纯合突变体植株.采用表达载体特异性结合的引物检测T_1代转基因植株,成功获得6株不携带载体骨架的转基因植株.定量PCR分析显示,突变体植株甜菜碱醛脱氢酶2基因表达量极显著低于野生型对照(p0.01),但突变体植株成熟种子香味物质2-乙酰-1-吡咯啉(2AP)含量极显著高于野生型对照(p0.01).比较野生型对照与突变体植株的主要农艺性状和产量性状,两者间都没有显著差异(p0.05).本研究可为加快高产香型水稻在上海及周边地区的推广应用,以及为今后利用CRISPR/Cas9技术快速培育其他高产香型水稻新品种研究奠定基础.     

国内外水稻抗病转基因研究进展

随着水稻遗传转化技术的发展,通过基因工程手段获得抗病水稻品种成为可能。综述了近年来国内外水稻抗病转基因的技术、方法,对水稻抗病转基因在水稻育种上的应用也作了评价。     

新疆春小麦品种演替规律的调查与分析

50年代至今新疆春小麦品种经历了多次更替。对不同时期的54个品种所采用的育种方法和品种的形态、产量、品质性状以及抗逆性、抗病性的演变趋势进行了调查分析，结果表明：随着品种的更替，育种方法已由引种发育到新的育种方法；在形态性状中，株高明显变矮，株型由楹散型紧凑型发展；在产量性状中，产量明显提高，穗粒数及千粒重有所提高；在品质性状上逐渐向强筋粉方向发展。     

青藏高原栽培青稞SSR标记遗传多样性研究

利用SSR标记评估了64份青藏高原栽培青稞的遗传多样性。选择的30个SSR标记中,22个标记扩增良好且具有多态性,每位点检测出的等位基因数为2~15个,共检测出等位基因132个,平均6.0个;各多态位点检测出基因型为2~11种,多态信息指数为0.16~0.91,平均为0.65。这些表明青藏高原栽培青稞具有丰富的遗传多样性。同时发现,青藏高原栽培青稞在麦芽性状、淀粉性状、病虫及裸粒等重要农艺性状存在丰富的变异,是遗传育种的宝贵资源库。不同来源的群体材料的遗传多样性不同,具有区域特异稀有基因。聚类分析将材料分为四组,材料聚类与材料来源地和生长习性无相关性。聚类图显示了不同材料间的遗传距离或遗传相似程度,可为材料选择提供参考。     

水稻配子体细胞质雄性不育基因orf79/orfH79的变异多态性研究

线粒体基因组异常嵌合基因orf79/orfH79被证实为水稻配子体细胞质雄性不育（cytoplasmic male sterility,CMS）基因。为了调查配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79在水稻资源中的遗传与变异,来自不同国家的31份水稻材料被用于PCR检测。10份水稻材料被检测出具有配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79,表明配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79在水稻资源中具有较高的分布频率（32.2%）。DNA序列分析显示水稻配子体CMS基因orf79/orfH79具有非常保守的遗传特性（98.3%）,只有4个多态性碱基位点被检测出,4个碱基位点的变异导致多肽ORF79/ORFH79三个氨基酸位点的改变。基于orf79/orfH79 DNA序列的聚类分析系显示10份水稻材料被分成了3个类群,表明配子体CMS胞质在水稻资源中存在多种变异模式。研究结果为新水稻CMS胞质的发掘与培育提供重要的理论和实验依据。     

不同紫花苜蓿栽培品种生物能源性状评价

选取了54个苜蓿品种,采用温室盆栽方法进行两次刈割,对产草量、细胞壁成分(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)质量分数、株高、分枝数和叶茎比等生物学性状进行了方差分析和聚类分析.结果表明:苜蓿品种间产草量和细胞壁各成分质量分数存在显著差异(P＜0.01),且品种内变异大于品种间变异;产草量和细胞壁成分变异系数由大到小的顺序为:产草量(42.42％)＞木质素质量分数(17.22％)＞纤维素质量分数(12.74％)＞半纤维素质量分数(10.04％);刈割处理显著降低了半纤维素质量分数(P ＜0.01),但产草量、纤维素和木质素没有显著变化;根据产量、株高、细胞壁成分等性状将供试苜蓿品种分为五个大类,其中第Ⅱ类群和第V类群生产性能最高,且第Ⅴ类群表现出良好的再生性能;综合评价提出甘农3号、黄羊镇、和阗、WL903、三得利、大郁山、平凉和意大利作为进一步开展生物质能源性状选育的优良种质材料.     

Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice

Most Oryza sativa cultivars die within a week of complete submergence--a major constraint to rice production in south and southeast Asia that causes annual losses of over US 1 billion dollars and affects disproportionately the poorest farmers in the world. A few cultivars, such as the O. sativa ssp. indica cultivar FR13A, are highly tolerant and survive up to two weeks of complete submergence owing to a major quantitative trait locus designated Submergence 1 (Sub1) near the centromere of chromosome 9 (refs 3, 4, 5-6). Here we describe the identification of a cluster of three genes at the Sub1 locus, encoding putative ethylene response factors. Two of these genes, Sub1B and Sub1C, are invariably present in the Sub1 region of all rice accessions analysed. In contrast, the presence of Sub1A is variable. A survey identified two alleles within those indica varieties that possess this gene: a tolerance-specific allele named Sub1A-1 and an intolerance-specific allele named Sub1A-2. Overexpression of Sub1A-1 in a submergence-intolerant O. sativa ssp. japonica conferred enhanced tolerance to the plants, downregulation of Sub1C and upregulation of Alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1), indicating that Sub1A-1 is a primary determinant of submergence tolerance. The FR13A Sub1 locus was introgressed into a widely grown Asian rice cultivar using marker-assisted selection. The new variety maintains the high yield and other agronomic properties of the recurrent parent and is tolerant to submergence. Cultivation of this variety is expected to provide protection against damaging floods and increase crop security for farmers.