空中加油最佳对接起始偏差位置

为提高软式空中加油对接成功率,寻找降低头波影响的对接策略,建立了受油机头波影响下的软管-锥套六自由度动力学模型,利用飞行试验数据验证了模型的稳态特性和动态特性;研究了对接阶段受油机以不同速度进近时,头波影响下的锥套运动特征,定义了“最佳对接起始偏差位置”的概念;研究表明：对接前,受油机在锥套后7m以外时,将受油插头对准“最佳对接起始偏差位置”并直线向锥套靠近,能最大程度降低头波对对接的影响;最终,依据工程计算结果,提出“调整靠近—等待—对接”的受油机对接进近策略。     

机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油仿真

为准确获取无人机自主空中加油对接阶段受油插头与加油锥套的相对位姿信息,提出一种机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油方案。研究了机器视觉识别跟踪加油锥套的算法,利用卡尔曼滤波算法估计无人机与加油锥套的相对位姿。实验结果表明:机器视觉图像处理算法可精确识别跟踪加油锥套,滤波器估计的相对位姿误差收敛速度较快,满足插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油的需要。     

软管式自主空中加油受油机控制系统研究

针对软管式空中加油过程中加油锥套受气流扰动影响,受油机受油插头难以与之实现精确对接的问题,提出基于参考观测器的全状态反馈控制方法设计了受油机的飞行控制系统。首先根据DGPS或者视觉传感器测量的加油机与受油机的相对位置,设计了参考轨迹生成模块,实时生成受油机期望的平滑飞行轨迹。然后通过一个输出跟踪观测器在线估算出前馈控制信号和参考状态量。基于估算的状态量设计一个全状态反馈控制器。最终实现对参考状态的精确跟踪,保证受油插头与加油锥套的精确对接和位置保持。仿真结果表明,在四种强度阵风干扰下,控制器能实现精确的双机空中加油设备跟踪对接,具有良好的动态性能与鲁棒性能。     

空中加油软管-锥套动态建模及其飘摆运动抑制

基于多刚体动力学建立空中加油软管-锥套在尾涡流场及大气紊流下的动态数学模型,分析了加油机在不同飞行条件下软管-锥套的平衡拖拽尾迹,以及大气紊流对软管-锥套运动的影响。软管-锥套随加油机在空中飞行时产生的飘摆运动,增加了受油机安全准确地对接加油锥套的难度。为了抑制软管-锥套空中飘摆运动,对软管-锥套飘摆运动设计了控制器。在非线性模型平衡点处线性化并降阶得到线性增量模型,根据最优控制原理设计了LQR控制器。仿真表明所设计的LQR控制器能有效抑制软管-锥套的飘摆运动,从而能够降低空中加油对接的难度,提高空中加油的安全性。     

“插头-锥管”式空中加油软管平衡拖曳位置计算

空中加油软管运动规律的研究是分析战斗机空中加油时控制规律和验证飞机飞行品质的重要前提, 加油软管平衡拖曳位置计算是研究空中加油软管运动规律的基础.利用机翼附着涡和自由涡模拟加油机尾流场对加油软管和锥套的影响,分别建立空中加油软管流场模型、软管气动模型和稳定伞气动模型.将空中加油软管质点离散化,从软管、稳定伞空间受力平衡出发,推出了"插头-锥管"式空中加油软管空间平衡拖曳位置计算方法.利用此方法计算了不同飞行状态下空中加油软管平衡拖曳位置,并分析了空中加油软管平衡拖曳位置在不同飞行状态下的变化规律.计算结果与实际情况吻合,为研究空中加油软管运动规律奠定了基础.     

一种自主空中加油视觉导航图像处理方法

针对自主空中加油近距导航问题,提出了一种锥套检测和跟踪的视觉导航图像处理方法.对于锥套检测,首先利用阈值法和数学形态学方法消除图像干扰,然后提取所有的轮廓并对轮廓进行检查,最后匹配得到目标锥套轮廓.对于锥套跟踪,以上一帧图像的定位结果作为先验信息来确定当前帧图像的可能范围,然后采用上述锥套检测方法进行处理.最后,以一架微型六旋翼飞行器作为受油机,利用自主空中加油试验台获取的真实飞行图像,对所提出的视觉导航图像处理方法进行了验证.试验结果表明:所提出的视觉导航图像处理方法具有较高的实时性及可靠性,能够满足自主空中加油的要求.     

相对低/高渗区对SAGD传热传质影响数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对SAGD传热传质的影响,针对六种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明：当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

相对低/高渗区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油传热传质影响的数值模拟研究

为了研究相对低/高渗透区对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)传热传质的影响,针对6种常见的渗透率分布模式,利用油藏数值模拟方法建立SAGD数值模型,并对比分析了蒸汽腔发育和含油饱和度变化特征。结果表明:当平面方向相对低渗区物性一定时,其距离SAGD井对越近,对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展的抑制作用就越强,SAGD传热传质非对称性越明显;平面方向相对高渗区的存在对该侧蒸汽腔和泄油区域侧向扩展具有促进作用,且相对高渗区距离SAGD井对越远,促进作用就越小,SAGD传热传质非对称性程度也越弱;从整体上来看,当垂直方向相对低渗区靠近SAGD井对时,它对整个蒸汽腔发育起抑制作用,而当它远离SAGD井对时,反而会加速蒸汽腔侧向和向下发育。     

约束空心混凝土柱抗侧向冲击动力性能

为研究约束空心混凝土柱的抗侧向冲击动力性能,构建20组内配圆钢管的方钢管空心混凝土柱的数值模型,并采用有限元法对其进行冲击受力过程的数值模拟分析.依据模拟结果对比不同构件的破坏模式,研究钢管强度、混凝土强度、空心率、含钢率和冲击位置对构件冲击力和挠度的影响.研究结果表明:内配圆钢管的方钢管空心混凝土柱产生整体弯曲破坏和局部冲切破坏,大部分钢管混凝土构件产生弯曲破坏,产生局部冲切变形是由于冲击位置刚度不足导致;增大方钢管钢材强度、厚度和降低钢管混凝土空心率,均能够有效提高柱抗侧向冲击动力性能,而改变圆钢管钢材强度、厚度以及柱中混凝土强度对构件抗侧向刚度影响作用基本可以忽略;随着冲击点与支座距离的缩短,构件的变形减少,但对冲击力平台值影响较小.     

斜轧扩管孔型开度及顶头平整段锥角分析

基于斜轧扩管机特殊的空间结构,采用条件极值法确定轧辊辊面孔径点位置,解析出孔径点的空间坐标,据此建立斜轧扩管变形区的孔型开度计算模型.在此基础上求解出与轧辊孔型开度配套顶头的平整段锥角.结果表明,利用斜轧扩管机顶头平整段锥角计算方法获得的理论数值与实际生产工具参数相符合.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.